1 00:00:11,679 --> 00:00:14,870 liftoff we have a liftoff 32 minutes 2 00:00:14,870 --> 00:00:14,880 liftoff we have a liftoff 32 minutes 3 00:00:14,880 --> 00:00:21,029 liftoff we have a liftoff 32 minutes past the hour lift up on apollo 11. 4 00:00:21,029 --> 00:00:21,039 5 00:00:21,039 --> 00:00:37,190 tower cleared 6 00:00:37,190 --> 00:00:37,200 7 00:00:37,200 --> 00:00:56,630 again 8 00:00:56,630 --> 00:00:56,640 9 00:00:56,640 --> 00:01:01,910 one 10 00:01:01,910 --> 00:01:01,920 11 00:01:01,920 --> 00:01:04,390 welcome to this edition of nasa images 12 00:01:04,390 --> 00:01:04,400 welcome to this edition of nasa images 13 00:01:04,400 --> 00:01:06,789 welcome to this edition of nasa images i'm lynn bondurant during this show 14 00:01:06,789 --> 00:01:06,799 i'm lynn bondurant during this show 15 00:01:06,799 --> 00:01:09,109 i'm lynn bondurant during this show we're focusing on results of spacecraft 16 00:01:09,109 --> 00:01:09,119 we're focusing on results of spacecraft 17 00:01:09,119 --> 00:01:11,830 we're focusing on results of spacecraft examination of comet halley and the 18 00:01:11,830 --> 00:01:11,840 examination of comet halley and the 19 00:01:11,840 --> 00:01:14,630 examination of comet halley and the seventh planet from the sun uranus 20 00:01:14,630 --> 00:01:14,640 seventh planet from the sun uranus 21 00:01:14,640 --> 00:01:16,789 seventh planet from the sun uranus let's begin with some images from uranus 22 00:01:16,789 --> 00:01:16,799 let's begin with some images from uranus 23 00:01:16,799 --> 00:01:20,710 let's begin with some images from uranus acquired in early 1986. the place is the 24 00:01:20,710 --> 00:01:20,720 acquired in early 1986. the place is the 25 00:01:20,720 --> 00:01:22,950 acquired in early 1986. the place is the nasa jet propulsion laboratory in 26 00:01:22,950 --> 00:01:22,960 nasa jet propulsion laboratory in 27 00:01:22,960 --> 00:01:31,670 nasa jet propulsion laboratory in pasadena california 28 00:01:31,670 --> 00:01:31,680 29 00:01:31,680 --> 00:01:34,789 well just about two minutes ago 30 00:01:34,789 --> 00:01:34,799 well just about two minutes ago 31 00:01:34,799 --> 00:01:36,870 well just about two minutes ago voyager 2 passed through its closest 32 00:01:36,870 --> 00:01:36,880 voyager 2 passed through its closest 33 00:01:36,880 --> 00:01:37,910 voyager 2 passed through its closest approach 34 00:01:37,910 --> 00:01:37,920 approach 35 00:01:37,920 --> 00:01:45,510 approach to uranus 36 00:01:45,510 --> 00:01:45,520 37 00:01:45,520 --> 00:01:48,469 next speaker is dr bradford smith the 38 00:01:48,469 --> 00:01:48,479 next speaker is dr bradford smith the 39 00:01:48,479 --> 00:01:53,510 next speaker is dr bradford smith the imaging team leader 40 00:01:53,510 --> 00:01:53,520 41 00:01:53,520 --> 00:01:55,910 just uh just for the moment let me show 42 00:01:55,910 --> 00:01:55,920 just uh just for the moment let me show 43 00:01:55,920 --> 00:01:58,389 just uh just for the moment let me show you a lower resolution 44 00:01:58,389 --> 00:01:58,399 you a lower resolution 45 00:01:58,399 --> 00:02:00,230 you a lower resolution image that we have 46 00:02:00,230 --> 00:02:00,240 image that we have 47 00:02:00,240 --> 00:02:02,069 image that we have so what you're seeing here is where it 48 00:02:02,069 --> 00:02:02,079 so what you're seeing here is where it 49 00:02:02,079 --> 00:02:04,870 so what you're seeing here is where it is very red you're seeing a lot of haze 50 00:02:04,870 --> 00:02:04,880 is very red you're seeing a lot of haze 51 00:02:04,880 --> 00:02:06,789 is very red you're seeing a lot of haze and where it's blue it's relatively free 52 00:02:06,789 --> 00:02:06,799 and where it's blue it's relatively free 53 00:02:06,799 --> 00:02:09,270 and where it's blue it's relatively free of haze and the first thing you notice 54 00:02:09,270 --> 00:02:09,280 of haze and the first thing you notice 55 00:02:09,280 --> 00:02:11,350 of haze and the first thing you notice is though is that as you look toward the 56 00:02:11,350 --> 00:02:11,360 is though is that as you look toward the 57 00:02:11,360 --> 00:02:12,550 is though is that as you look toward the limb of course you're going to be 58 00:02:12,550 --> 00:02:12,560 limb of course you're going to be 59 00:02:12,560 --> 00:02:14,390 limb of course you're going to be looking through more atmosphere and 60 00:02:14,390 --> 00:02:14,400 looking through more atmosphere and 61 00:02:14,400 --> 00:02:16,070 looking through more atmosphere and seeing more haze and so we see this 62 00:02:16,070 --> 00:02:16,080 seeing more haze and so we see this 63 00:02:16,080 --> 00:02:17,750 seeing more haze and so we see this brightish 64 00:02:17,750 --> 00:02:17,760 brightish 65 00:02:17,760 --> 00:02:19,910 brightish what we call limb brightening around the 66 00:02:19,910 --> 00:02:19,920 what we call limb brightening around the 67 00:02:19,920 --> 00:02:22,070 what we call limb brightening around the limb of the planet indicating looking 68 00:02:22,070 --> 00:02:22,080 limb of the planet indicating looking 69 00:02:22,080 --> 00:02:23,750 limb of the planet indicating looking into the atmosphere and seeing quite a 70 00:02:23,750 --> 00:02:23,760 into the atmosphere and seeing quite a 71 00:02:23,760 --> 00:02:25,830 into the atmosphere and seeing quite a bit of the particulates of haze that are 72 00:02:25,830 --> 00:02:25,840 bit of the particulates of haze that are 73 00:02:25,840 --> 00:02:30,710 bit of the particulates of haze that are in the atmosphere 74 00:02:30,710 --> 00:02:30,720 75 00:02:30,720 --> 00:02:32,869 i thought it might be a good time now to 76 00:02:32,869 --> 00:02:32,879 i thought it might be a good time now to 77 00:02:32,879 --> 00:02:35,990 i thought it might be a good time now to give a summary of what we've learned so 78 00:02:35,990 --> 00:02:36,000 give a summary of what we've learned so 79 00:02:36,000 --> 00:02:37,270 give a summary of what we've learned so far it's going to be a very brief 80 00:02:37,270 --> 00:02:37,280 far it's going to be a very brief 81 00:02:37,280 --> 00:02:38,390 far it's going to be a very brief summary and i'm certainly not going to 82 00:02:38,390 --> 00:02:38,400 summary and i'm certainly not going to 83 00:02:38,400 --> 00:02:40,390 summary and i'm certainly not going to be able to go into many details but at 84 00:02:40,390 --> 00:02:40,400 be able to go into many details but at 85 00:02:40,400 --> 00:02:42,550 be able to go into many details but at least just to review where we stand and 86 00:02:42,550 --> 00:02:42,560 least just to review where we stand and 87 00:02:42,560 --> 00:02:44,150 least just to review where we stand and what we've done over the last several 88 00:02:44,150 --> 00:02:44,160 what we've done over the last several 89 00:02:44,160 --> 00:02:45,110 what we've done over the last several hours 90 00:02:45,110 --> 00:02:45,120 hours 91 00:02:45,120 --> 00:02:47,030 hours we have been seeing the playback of 92 00:02:47,030 --> 00:02:47,040 we have been seeing the playback of 93 00:02:47,040 --> 00:02:49,509 we have been seeing the playback of recorded photographs taken primarily of 94 00:02:49,509 --> 00:02:49,519 recorded photographs taken primarily of 95 00:02:49,519 --> 00:02:52,150 recorded photographs taken primarily of the satellites the the major satellites 96 00:02:52,150 --> 00:02:52,160 the satellites the the major satellites 97 00:02:52,160 --> 00:02:55,270 the satellites the the major satellites the five satellites of uranus uh at the 98 00:02:55,270 --> 00:02:55,280 the five satellites of uranus uh at the 99 00:02:55,280 --> 00:02:57,350 the five satellites of uranus uh at the time that we passed by those most 100 00:02:57,350 --> 00:02:57,360 time that we passed by those most 101 00:02:57,360 --> 00:02:58,470 time that we passed by those most closely 102 00:02:58,470 --> 00:02:58,480 closely 103 00:02:58,480 --> 00:03:00,869 closely i think that i want to run through some 104 00:03:00,869 --> 00:03:00,879 i think that i want to run through some 105 00:03:00,879 --> 00:03:03,830 i think that i want to run through some of those i think we'll start out with 106 00:03:03,830 --> 00:03:03,840 of those i think we'll start out with 107 00:03:03,840 --> 00:03:06,309 of those i think we'll start out with this one of ariel this is a part of a 108 00:03:06,309 --> 00:03:06,319 this one of ariel this is a part of a 109 00:03:06,319 --> 00:03:07,830 this one of ariel this is a part of a mosaic 110 00:03:07,830 --> 00:03:07,840 mosaic 111 00:03:07,840 --> 00:03:08,790 mosaic of the 112 00:03:08,790 --> 00:03:08,800 of the 113 00:03:08,800 --> 00:03:10,390 of the of one of the brightest of the 114 00:03:10,390 --> 00:03:10,400 of one of the brightest of the 115 00:03:10,400 --> 00:03:11,750 of one of the brightest of the satellites 116 00:03:11,750 --> 00:03:11,760 satellites 117 00:03:11,760 --> 00:03:12,869 satellites and 118 00:03:12,869 --> 00:03:12,879 and 119 00:03:12,879 --> 00:03:14,710 and the whole mosaic 120 00:03:14,710 --> 00:03:14,720 the whole mosaic 121 00:03:14,720 --> 00:03:16,949 the whole mosaic consisted of this in the upper left 122 00:03:16,949 --> 00:03:16,959 consisted of this in the upper left 123 00:03:16,959 --> 00:03:18,710 consisted of this in the upper left and one picture down the lower left and 124 00:03:18,710 --> 00:03:18,720 and one picture down the lower left and 125 00:03:18,720 --> 00:03:21,750 and one picture down the lower left and some of the more interesting things are 126 00:03:21,750 --> 00:03:21,760 some of the more interesting things are 127 00:03:21,760 --> 00:03:23,110 some of the more interesting things are such 128 00:03:23,110 --> 00:03:23,120 such 129 00:03:23,120 --> 00:03:25,509 such views as this 130 00:03:25,509 --> 00:03:25,519 views as this 131 00:03:25,519 --> 00:03:26,710 views as this a rather 132 00:03:26,710 --> 00:03:26,720 a rather 133 00:03:26,720 --> 00:03:28,390 a rather large bright area which is probably 134 00:03:28,390 --> 00:03:28,400 large bright area which is probably 135 00:03:28,400 --> 00:03:30,149 large bright area which is probably associated with a crater another crater 136 00:03:30,149 --> 00:03:30,159 associated with a crater another crater 137 00:03:30,159 --> 00:03:32,630 associated with a crater another crater here bright area 138 00:03:32,630 --> 00:03:32,640 here bright area 139 00:03:32,640 --> 00:03:33,589 here bright area and 140 00:03:33,589 --> 00:03:33,599 and 141 00:03:33,599 --> 00:03:34,470 and then 142 00:03:34,470 --> 00:03:34,480 then 143 00:03:34,480 --> 00:03:36,550 then moving on with another view of ariel the 144 00:03:36,550 --> 00:03:36,560 moving on with another view of ariel the 145 00:03:36,560 --> 00:03:38,710 moving on with another view of ariel the upper right and some of these canyons 146 00:03:38,710 --> 00:03:38,720 upper right and some of these canyons 147 00:03:38,720 --> 00:03:40,070 upper right and some of these canyons through here 148 00:03:40,070 --> 00:03:40,080 through here 149 00:03:40,080 --> 00:03:42,390 through here down around this area much of the 150 00:03:42,390 --> 00:03:42,400 down around this area much of the 151 00:03:42,400 --> 00:03:44,470 down around this area much of the unusual terrain and 152 00:03:44,470 --> 00:03:44,480 unusual terrain and 153 00:03:44,480 --> 00:03:47,190 unusual terrain and quite strange 154 00:03:47,190 --> 00:03:47,200 quite strange 155 00:03:47,200 --> 00:03:50,149 quite strange another view the lower right and this 156 00:03:50,149 --> 00:03:50,159 another view the lower right and this 157 00:03:50,159 --> 00:03:52,149 another view the lower right and this feature right here 158 00:03:52,149 --> 00:03:52,159 feature right here 159 00:03:52,159 --> 00:03:53,910 feature right here it appears that some of these valleys 160 00:03:53,910 --> 00:03:53,920 it appears that some of these valleys 161 00:03:53,920 --> 00:03:54,710 it appears that some of these valleys are 162 00:03:54,710 --> 00:03:54,720 are 163 00:03:54,720 --> 00:03:57,190 are sunken 164 00:03:57,190 --> 00:03:57,200 165 00:03:57,200 --> 00:03:59,030 uh there's been internal activity on 166 00:03:59,030 --> 00:03:59,040 uh there's been internal activity on 167 00:03:59,040 --> 00:04:00,470 uh there's been internal activity on these moons and a lot of it and it's 168 00:04:00,470 --> 00:04:00,480 these moons and a lot of it and it's 169 00:04:00,480 --> 00:04:02,470 these moons and a lot of it and it's surprising 170 00:04:02,470 --> 00:04:02,480 surprising 171 00:04:02,480 --> 00:04:05,350 surprising move on then to over on this is not as 172 00:04:05,350 --> 00:04:05,360 move on then to over on this is not as 173 00:04:05,360 --> 00:04:07,350 move on then to over on this is not as anywhere near as close as the as the one 174 00:04:07,350 --> 00:04:07,360 anywhere near as close as the as the one 175 00:04:07,360 --> 00:04:09,429 anywhere near as close as the as the one we just saw 176 00:04:09,429 --> 00:04:09,439 we just saw 177 00:04:09,439 --> 00:04:11,509 we just saw and miranda this is a somewhat distant 178 00:04:11,509 --> 00:04:11,519 and miranda this is a somewhat distant 179 00:04:11,519 --> 00:04:14,710 and miranda this is a somewhat distant shot of miranda we will get much closer 180 00:04:14,710 --> 00:04:14,720 shot of miranda we will get much closer 181 00:04:14,720 --> 00:04:16,789 shot of miranda we will get much closer unusual feature we saw there was called 182 00:04:16,789 --> 00:04:16,799 unusual feature we saw there was called 183 00:04:16,799 --> 00:04:18,710 unusual feature we saw there was called this chevron formation but we'll get a 184 00:04:18,710 --> 00:04:18,720 this chevron formation but we'll get a 185 00:04:18,720 --> 00:04:20,550 this chevron formation but we'll get a better picture of that as we get in 186 00:04:20,550 --> 00:04:20,560 better picture of that as we get in 187 00:04:20,560 --> 00:04:23,189 better picture of that as we get in closer to miranda 188 00:04:23,189 --> 00:04:23,199 closer to miranda 189 00:04:23,199 --> 00:04:25,670 closer to miranda because indeed we did get close this is 190 00:04:25,670 --> 00:04:25,680 because indeed we did get close this is 191 00:04:25,680 --> 00:04:27,189 because indeed we did get close this is the one where we saw things down to a 192 00:04:27,189 --> 00:04:27,199 the one where we saw things down to a 193 00:04:27,199 --> 00:04:29,749 the one where we saw things down to a kilometer resolution and structure here 194 00:04:29,749 --> 00:04:29,759 kilometer resolution and structure here 195 00:04:29,759 --> 00:04:34,230 kilometer resolution and structure here in miranda which is quite quite amazing 196 00:04:34,230 --> 00:04:34,240 in miranda which is quite quite amazing 197 00:04:34,240 --> 00:04:36,230 in miranda which is quite quite amazing the black dropout across the middle here 198 00:04:36,230 --> 00:04:36,240 the black dropout across the middle here 199 00:04:36,240 --> 00:04:37,749 the black dropout across the middle here we believe is somewhere in the 200 00:04:37,749 --> 00:04:37,759 we believe is somewhere in the 201 00:04:37,759 --> 00:04:39,350 we believe is somewhere in the transmission and since this is played 202 00:04:39,350 --> 00:04:39,360 transmission and since this is played 203 00:04:39,360 --> 00:04:41,030 transmission and since this is played back from a tape recorder another 204 00:04:41,030 --> 00:04:41,040 back from a tape recorder another 205 00:04:41,040 --> 00:04:42,629 back from a tape recorder another playback will recover the information 206 00:04:42,629 --> 00:04:42,639 playback will recover the information 207 00:04:42,639 --> 00:04:45,909 playback will recover the information from that section 208 00:04:45,909 --> 00:04:45,919 209 00:04:45,919 --> 00:04:47,110 here a 210 00:04:47,110 --> 00:04:47,120 here a 211 00:04:47,120 --> 00:04:48,950 here a curious flow of material down in this 212 00:04:48,950 --> 00:04:48,960 curious flow of material down in this 213 00:04:48,960 --> 00:04:51,030 curious flow of material down in this direction that's what it appears to be 214 00:04:51,030 --> 00:04:51,040 direction that's what it appears to be 215 00:04:51,040 --> 00:04:53,430 direction that's what it appears to be uh but of course it was further analysis 216 00:04:53,430 --> 00:04:53,440 uh but of course it was further analysis 217 00:04:53,440 --> 00:04:54,710 uh but of course it was further analysis to see what it is but something's been 218 00:04:54,710 --> 00:04:54,720 to see what it is but something's been 219 00:04:54,720 --> 00:04:56,390 to see what it is but something's been going on in miranda it's a very small 220 00:04:56,390 --> 00:04:56,400 going on in miranda it's a very small 221 00:04:56,400 --> 00:04:57,350 going on in miranda it's a very small moon 222 00:04:57,350 --> 00:04:57,360 moon 223 00:04:57,360 --> 00:05:00,230 moon uh 500 kilometers across and uh 224 00:05:00,230 --> 00:05:00,240 uh 500 kilometers across and uh 225 00:05:00,240 --> 00:05:02,070 uh 500 kilometers across and uh just to have this much activity in such 226 00:05:02,070 --> 00:05:02,080 just to have this much activity in such 227 00:05:02,080 --> 00:05:03,430 just to have this much activity in such a moon is quite different than what we 228 00:05:03,430 --> 00:05:03,440 a moon is quite different than what we 229 00:05:03,440 --> 00:05:04,230 a moon is quite different than what we saw 230 00:05:04,230 --> 00:05:04,240 saw 231 00:05:04,240 --> 00:05:06,150 saw for example in the moons of saturn 232 00:05:06,150 --> 00:05:06,160 for example in the moons of saturn 233 00:05:06,160 --> 00:05:08,550 for example in the moons of saturn another part of the mosaic still another 234 00:05:08,550 --> 00:05:08,560 another part of the mosaic still another 235 00:05:08,560 --> 00:05:11,029 another part of the mosaic still another part again very curious markings on the 236 00:05:11,029 --> 00:05:11,039 part again very curious markings on the 237 00:05:11,039 --> 00:05:11,990 part again very curious markings on the surface 238 00:05:11,990 --> 00:05:12,000 surface 239 00:05:12,000 --> 00:05:13,430 surface and right in the middle the chevron we 240 00:05:13,430 --> 00:05:13,440 and right in the middle the chevron we 241 00:05:13,440 --> 00:05:15,510 and right in the middle the chevron we saw at a great distance is now 242 00:05:15,510 --> 00:05:15,520 saw at a great distance is now 243 00:05:15,520 --> 00:05:18,629 saw at a great distance is now this object here 244 00:05:18,629 --> 00:05:18,639 245 00:05:18,639 --> 00:05:20,710 what is it well further analysis may 246 00:05:20,710 --> 00:05:20,720 what is it well further analysis may 247 00:05:20,720 --> 00:05:22,629 what is it well further analysis may tell we hope 248 00:05:22,629 --> 00:05:22,639 tell we hope 249 00:05:22,639 --> 00:05:24,629 tell we hope and then backing off with a wide-angle 250 00:05:24,629 --> 00:05:24,639 and then backing off with a wide-angle 251 00:05:24,639 --> 00:05:29,029 and then backing off with a wide-angle lens to get the comp complete picture 252 00:05:29,029 --> 00:05:29,039 lens to get the comp complete picture 253 00:05:29,039 --> 00:05:31,749 lens to get the comp complete picture and then looking back toward uranus and 254 00:05:31,749 --> 00:05:31,759 and then looking back toward uranus and 255 00:05:31,759 --> 00:05:33,590 and then looking back toward uranus and let's now talk a little bit 256 00:05:33,590 --> 00:05:33,600 let's now talk a little bit 257 00:05:33,600 --> 00:05:34,950 let's now talk a little bit about all the other things we've seen 258 00:05:34,950 --> 00:05:34,960 about all the other things we've seen 259 00:05:34,960 --> 00:05:38,230 about all the other things we've seen besides photographing the satellites 260 00:05:38,230 --> 00:05:38,240 besides photographing the satellites 261 00:05:38,240 --> 00:05:39,350 besides photographing the satellites we have 262 00:05:39,350 --> 00:05:39,360 we have 263 00:05:39,360 --> 00:05:41,110 we have discovered uh 264 00:05:41,110 --> 00:05:41,120 discovered uh 265 00:05:41,120 --> 00:05:43,830 discovered uh one more small satellite making ten in 266 00:05:43,830 --> 00:05:43,840 one more small satellite making ten in 267 00:05:43,840 --> 00:05:45,110 one more small satellite making ten in all that have been discovered by the 268 00:05:45,110 --> 00:05:45,120 all that have been discovered by the 269 00:05:45,120 --> 00:05:48,390 all that have been discovered by the voyager and its approach and near miss 270 00:05:48,390 --> 00:05:48,400 voyager and its approach and near miss 271 00:05:48,400 --> 00:05:50,870 voyager and its approach and near miss of or close approach to the planet 272 00:05:50,870 --> 00:05:50,880 of or close approach to the planet 273 00:05:50,880 --> 00:05:53,510 of or close approach to the planet uranus we also discovered another ring 274 00:05:53,510 --> 00:05:53,520 uranus we also discovered another ring 275 00:05:53,520 --> 00:05:56,310 uranus we also discovered another ring above so that makes a total of 10 276 00:05:56,310 --> 00:05:56,320 above so that makes a total of 10 277 00:05:56,320 --> 00:05:59,590 above so that makes a total of 10 small moons discovered and 10 rings uh 278 00:05:59,590 --> 00:05:59,600 small moons discovered and 10 rings uh 279 00:05:59,600 --> 00:06:01,749 small moons discovered and 10 rings uh one discovered by voyage by voyager the 280 00:06:01,749 --> 00:06:01,759 one discovered by voyage by voyager the 281 00:06:01,759 --> 00:06:03,990 one discovered by voyage by voyager the other were known previously this is a 282 00:06:03,990 --> 00:06:04,000 other were known previously this is a 283 00:06:04,000 --> 00:06:06,790 other were known previously this is a ring picture taken from on the approach 284 00:06:06,790 --> 00:06:06,800 ring picture taken from on the approach 285 00:06:06,800 --> 00:06:08,710 ring picture taken from on the approach to uranus 286 00:06:08,710 --> 00:06:08,720 to uranus 287 00:06:08,720 --> 00:06:11,590 to uranus and you can see the major the i think 288 00:06:11,590 --> 00:06:11,600 and you can see the major the i think 289 00:06:11,600 --> 00:06:13,590 and you can see the major the i think this is the epsilon ring is a bright one 290 00:06:13,590 --> 00:06:13,600 this is the epsilon ring is a bright one 291 00:06:13,600 --> 00:06:15,670 this is the epsilon ring is a bright one and then some others inside of it we 292 00:06:15,670 --> 00:06:15,680 and then some others inside of it we 293 00:06:15,680 --> 00:06:17,909 and then some others inside of it we also tried another one going when we got 294 00:06:17,909 --> 00:06:17,919 also tried another one going when we got 295 00:06:17,919 --> 00:06:20,230 also tried another one going when we got behind the planet with the sun shining 296 00:06:20,230 --> 00:06:20,240 behind the planet with the sun shining 297 00:06:20,240 --> 00:06:21,990 behind the planet with the sun shining through the rings toward 298 00:06:21,990 --> 00:06:22,000 through the rings toward 299 00:06:22,000 --> 00:06:23,909 through the rings toward the the voyager spacecraft to take a 300 00:06:23,909 --> 00:06:23,919 the the voyager spacecraft to take a 301 00:06:23,919 --> 00:06:25,270 the the voyager spacecraft to take a picture then 302 00:06:25,270 --> 00:06:25,280 picture then 303 00:06:25,280 --> 00:06:27,749 picture then we expected to see a very bright glimmer 304 00:06:27,749 --> 00:06:27,759 we expected to see a very bright glimmer 305 00:06:27,759 --> 00:06:29,670 we expected to see a very bright glimmer because of the very small particles in 306 00:06:29,670 --> 00:06:29,680 because of the very small particles in 307 00:06:29,680 --> 00:06:30,790 because of the very small particles in the ring which 308 00:06:30,790 --> 00:06:30,800 the ring which 309 00:06:30,800 --> 00:06:33,590 the ring which when this backlighting arrangement would 310 00:06:33,590 --> 00:06:33,600 when this backlighting arrangement would 311 00:06:33,600 --> 00:06:36,070 when this backlighting arrangement would tend to glow just as when you see dust 312 00:06:36,070 --> 00:06:36,080 tend to glow just as when you see dust 313 00:06:36,080 --> 00:06:38,070 tend to glow just as when you see dust motes in the sunlight shining through a 314 00:06:38,070 --> 00:06:38,080 motes in the sunlight shining through a 315 00:06:38,080 --> 00:06:39,590 motes in the sunlight shining through a window towards you you can see lots more 316 00:06:39,590 --> 00:06:39,600 window towards you you can see lots more 317 00:06:39,600 --> 00:06:41,110 window towards you you can see lots more dust than you can if you actually look 318 00:06:41,110 --> 00:06:41,120 dust than you can if you actually look 319 00:06:41,120 --> 00:06:43,029 dust than you can if you actually look at from this point of view of the sun 320 00:06:43,029 --> 00:06:43,039 at from this point of view of the sun 321 00:06:43,039 --> 00:06:45,430 at from this point of view of the sun small particles tend to scatter light 322 00:06:45,430 --> 00:06:45,440 small particles tend to scatter light 323 00:06:45,440 --> 00:06:47,670 small particles tend to scatter light directly forward keep it going 324 00:06:47,670 --> 00:06:47,680 directly forward keep it going 325 00:06:47,680 --> 00:06:49,350 directly forward keep it going surprisingly enough we saw very little 326 00:06:49,350 --> 00:06:49,360 surprisingly enough we saw very little 327 00:06:49,360 --> 00:06:51,189 surprisingly enough we saw very little in that from that viewpoint which is a 328 00:06:51,189 --> 00:06:51,199 in that from that viewpoint which is a 329 00:06:51,199 --> 00:06:52,469 in that from that viewpoint which is a bit of a mystery how come there's a 330 00:06:52,469 --> 00:06:52,479 bit of a mystery how come there's a 331 00:06:52,479 --> 00:06:53,749 bit of a mystery how come there's a little dust 332 00:06:53,749 --> 00:06:53,759 little dust 333 00:06:53,759 --> 00:06:55,749 little dust we've measured the magnetic field now we 334 00:06:55,749 --> 00:06:55,759 we've measured the magnetic field now we 335 00:06:55,759 --> 00:06:58,150 we've measured the magnetic field now we it was very almost before almost we were 336 00:06:58,150 --> 00:06:58,160 it was very almost before almost we were 337 00:06:58,160 --> 00:06:58,950 it was very almost before almost we were almost 338 00:06:58,950 --> 00:06:58,960 almost 339 00:06:58,960 --> 00:07:00,950 almost two uranus before we discovered that 340 00:07:00,950 --> 00:07:00,960 two uranus before we discovered that 341 00:07:00,960 --> 00:07:02,710 two uranus before we discovered that there was indeed a magnetic field if it 342 00:07:02,710 --> 00:07:02,720 there was indeed a magnetic field if it 343 00:07:02,720 --> 00:07:04,870 there was indeed a magnetic field if it hadn't had no magnetic field that would 344 00:07:04,870 --> 00:07:04,880 hadn't had no magnetic field that would 345 00:07:04,880 --> 00:07:06,790 hadn't had no magnetic field that would have been a real problem but there is 346 00:07:06,790 --> 00:07:06,800 have been a real problem but there is 347 00:07:06,800 --> 00:07:08,230 have been a real problem but there is it's about 15 percent weaker than the 348 00:07:08,230 --> 00:07:08,240 it's about 15 percent weaker than the 349 00:07:08,240 --> 00:07:10,070 it's about 15 percent weaker than the earth's on the surface 350 00:07:10,070 --> 00:07:10,080 earth's on the surface 351 00:07:10,080 --> 00:07:12,070 earth's on the surface as curious thing about it is this uranus 352 00:07:12,070 --> 00:07:12,080 as curious thing about it is this uranus 353 00:07:12,080 --> 00:07:15,189 as curious thing about it is this uranus has its axis pointed pretty much 354 00:07:15,189 --> 00:07:15,199 has its axis pointed pretty much 355 00:07:15,199 --> 00:07:16,870 has its axis pointed pretty much it's pole south pole by committee 356 00:07:16,870 --> 00:07:16,880 it's pole south pole by committee 357 00:07:16,880 --> 00:07:17,830 it's pole south pole by committee decision 358 00:07:17,830 --> 00:07:17,840 decision 359 00:07:17,840 --> 00:07:19,189 decision pointed toward the sun so if the sun's 360 00:07:19,189 --> 00:07:19,199 pointed toward the sun so if the sun's 361 00:07:19,199 --> 00:07:21,189 pointed toward the sun so if the sun's over there that's where the 362 00:07:21,189 --> 00:07:21,199 over there that's where the 363 00:07:21,199 --> 00:07:23,430 over there that's where the this pole is spinning around like this 364 00:07:23,430 --> 00:07:23,440 this pole is spinning around like this 365 00:07:23,440 --> 00:07:26,710 this pole is spinning around like this on that axis the magnetic the magnetic 366 00:07:26,710 --> 00:07:26,720 on that axis the magnetic the magnetic 367 00:07:26,720 --> 00:07:29,430 on that axis the magnetic the magnetic field however is on a pole at an angle 368 00:07:29,430 --> 00:07:29,440 field however is on a pole at an angle 369 00:07:29,440 --> 00:07:31,350 field however is on a pole at an angle 55 degrees so as 370 00:07:31,350 --> 00:07:31,360 55 degrees so as 371 00:07:31,360 --> 00:07:33,589 55 degrees so as as the 372 00:07:33,589 --> 00:07:33,599 as the 373 00:07:33,599 --> 00:07:36,230 as the as uranus spins around on its spin axis 374 00:07:36,230 --> 00:07:36,240 as uranus spins around on its spin axis 375 00:07:36,240 --> 00:07:37,990 as uranus spins around on its spin axis the magnetic field is spinning around 376 00:07:37,990 --> 00:07:38,000 the magnetic field is spinning around 377 00:07:38,000 --> 00:07:40,390 the magnetic field is spinning around like this which is making is going to 378 00:07:40,390 --> 00:07:40,400 like this which is making is going to 379 00:07:40,400 --> 00:07:42,950 like this which is making is going to make some very curious 380 00:07:42,950 --> 00:07:42,960 make some very curious 381 00:07:42,960 --> 00:07:48,230 make some very curious effects on the total field 382 00:07:48,230 --> 00:07:48,240 383 00:07:48,240 --> 00:07:49,830 we have 384 00:07:49,830 --> 00:07:49,840 we have 385 00:07:49,840 --> 00:07:51,909 we have displayed now on the screen a picture of 386 00:07:51,909 --> 00:07:51,919 displayed now on the screen a picture of 387 00:07:51,919 --> 00:07:54,629 displayed now on the screen a picture of titania there'll be two of these 388 00:07:54,629 --> 00:07:54,639 titania there'll be two of these 389 00:07:54,639 --> 00:07:56,830 titania there'll be two of these very much the same one is sort of 390 00:07:56,830 --> 00:07:56,840 very much the same one is sort of 391 00:07:56,840 --> 00:07:59,110 very much the same one is sort of insurance for the other 392 00:07:59,110 --> 00:07:59,120 insurance for the other 393 00:07:59,120 --> 00:08:00,629 insurance for the other this one is in 394 00:08:00,629 --> 00:08:00,639 this one is in 395 00:08:00,639 --> 00:08:02,150 this one is in and the second one should be coming in 396 00:08:02,150 --> 00:08:02,160 and the second one should be coming in 397 00:08:02,160 --> 00:08:03,909 and the second one should be coming in any minute in the meantime 398 00:08:03,909 --> 00:08:03,919 any minute in the meantime 399 00:08:03,919 --> 00:08:07,510 any minute in the meantime we have also had the best two pictures 400 00:08:07,510 --> 00:08:07,520 we have also had the best two pictures 401 00:08:07,520 --> 00:08:09,510 we have also had the best two pictures of 402 00:08:09,510 --> 00:08:09,520 of 403 00:08:09,520 --> 00:08:13,029 of umbriel which is here very 404 00:08:13,029 --> 00:08:13,039 umbriel which is here very 405 00:08:13,039 --> 00:08:14,950 umbriel which is here very almost featureless 406 00:08:14,950 --> 00:08:14,960 almost featureless 407 00:08:14,960 --> 00:08:16,150 almost featureless and by the way these are the two 408 00:08:16,150 --> 00:08:16,160 and by the way these are the two 409 00:08:16,160 --> 00:08:18,309 and by the way these are the two pictures that came in there 410 00:08:18,309 --> 00:08:18,319 pictures that came in there 411 00:08:18,319 --> 00:08:19,430 pictures that came in there are 412 00:08:19,430 --> 00:08:19,440 are 413 00:08:19,440 --> 00:08:21,589 are very similar to each other 414 00:08:21,589 --> 00:08:21,599 very similar to each other 415 00:08:21,599 --> 00:08:24,150 very similar to each other taken very close together 416 00:08:24,150 --> 00:08:24,160 taken very close together 417 00:08:24,160 --> 00:08:27,029 taken very close together i think the thing which uh surprised uh 418 00:08:27,029 --> 00:08:27,039 i think the thing which uh surprised uh 419 00:08:27,039 --> 00:08:29,110 i think the thing which uh surprised uh most of us was not that miranda 420 00:08:29,110 --> 00:08:29,120 most of us was not that miranda 421 00:08:29,120 --> 00:08:31,270 most of us was not that miranda necessarily had all these tectonic 422 00:08:31,270 --> 00:08:31,280 necessarily had all these tectonic 423 00:08:31,280 --> 00:08:33,509 necessarily had all these tectonic structures uh on the surface but that 424 00:08:33,509 --> 00:08:33,519 structures uh on the surface but that 425 00:08:33,519 --> 00:08:35,430 structures uh on the surface but that there was such a variety 426 00:08:35,430 --> 00:08:35,440 there was such a variety 427 00:08:35,440 --> 00:08:37,430 there was such a variety that it was really a very complex 428 00:08:37,430 --> 00:08:37,440 that it was really a very complex 429 00:08:37,440 --> 00:08:39,190 that it was really a very complex distribution 430 00:08:39,190 --> 00:08:39,200 distribution 431 00:08:39,200 --> 00:08:40,469 distribution and i think the other thing that 432 00:08:40,469 --> 00:08:40,479 and i think the other thing that 433 00:08:40,479 --> 00:08:43,589 and i think the other thing that surprised me was the extreme relief uh 434 00:08:43,589 --> 00:08:43,599 surprised me was the extreme relief uh 435 00:08:43,599 --> 00:08:45,430 surprised me was the extreme relief uh which uh which seems to be present on 436 00:08:45,430 --> 00:08:45,440 which uh which seems to be present on 437 00:08:45,440 --> 00:08:47,910 which uh which seems to be present on the surface it's not a very subtle uh 438 00:08:47,910 --> 00:08:47,920 the surface it's not a very subtle uh 439 00:08:47,920 --> 00:08:50,630 the surface it's not a very subtle uh property at all one sees very very 440 00:08:50,630 --> 00:08:50,640 property at all one sees very very 441 00:08:50,640 --> 00:08:54,790 property at all one sees very very sharp scarps of ridges one sees a groove 442 00:08:54,790 --> 00:08:54,800 sharp scarps of ridges one sees a groove 443 00:08:54,800 --> 00:08:56,949 sharp scarps of ridges one sees a groove terrain one sees terrain similar to that 444 00:08:56,949 --> 00:08:56,959 terrain one sees terrain similar to that 445 00:08:56,959 --> 00:08:58,550 terrain one sees terrain similar to that which we saw on enceladus which is 446 00:08:58,550 --> 00:08:58,560 which we saw on enceladus which is 447 00:08:58,560 --> 00:09:00,790 which we saw on enceladus which is somewhat twisted it's just a remarkably 448 00:09:00,790 --> 00:09:00,800 somewhat twisted it's just a remarkably 449 00:09:00,800 --> 00:09:02,949 somewhat twisted it's just a remarkably complex surface 450 00:09:02,949 --> 00:09:02,959 complex surface 451 00:09:02,959 --> 00:09:04,150 complex surface and uh 452 00:09:04,150 --> 00:09:04,160 and uh 453 00:09:04,160 --> 00:09:05,829 and uh these are those cliffs up at the top 454 00:09:05,829 --> 00:09:05,839 these are those cliffs up at the top 455 00:09:05,839 --> 00:09:08,949 these are those cliffs up at the top those are very high cliffs 456 00:09:08,949 --> 00:09:08,959 those are very high cliffs 457 00:09:08,959 --> 00:09:10,870 those are very high cliffs which uh 458 00:09:10,870 --> 00:09:10,880 which uh 459 00:09:10,880 --> 00:09:13,269 which uh which are quite remarkable uh they're 460 00:09:13,269 --> 00:09:13,279 which are quite remarkable uh they're 461 00:09:13,279 --> 00:09:15,829 which are quite remarkable uh they're they terminate a very rugged hilly 462 00:09:15,829 --> 00:09:15,839 they terminate a very rugged hilly 463 00:09:15,839 --> 00:09:16,790 they terminate a very rugged hilly terrain 464 00:09:16,790 --> 00:09:16,800 terrain 465 00:09:16,800 --> 00:09:19,910 terrain uh which uh uh may well be a place where 466 00:09:19,910 --> 00:09:19,920 uh which uh uh may well be a place where 467 00:09:19,920 --> 00:09:24,070 uh which uh uh may well be a place where there is a basically lateral thrusting 468 00:09:24,070 --> 00:09:24,080 there is a basically lateral thrusting 469 00:09:24,080 --> 00:09:25,990 there is a basically lateral thrusting and 470 00:09:25,990 --> 00:09:26,000 and 471 00:09:26,000 --> 00:09:29,110 and down the lower portion of the planet 472 00:09:29,110 --> 00:09:29,120 down the lower portion of the planet 473 00:09:29,120 --> 00:09:30,550 down the lower portion of the planet we call it a planet it looks like yes 474 00:09:30,550 --> 00:09:30,560 we call it a planet it looks like yes 475 00:09:30,560 --> 00:09:31,509 we call it a planet it looks like yes that's right 476 00:09:31,509 --> 00:09:31,519 that's right 477 00:09:31,519 --> 00:09:33,829 that's right this moon uranus we saw we see again 478 00:09:33,829 --> 00:09:33,839 this moon uranus we saw we see again 479 00:09:33,839 --> 00:09:35,829 this moon uranus we saw we see again some of the same curious lines that are 480 00:09:35,829 --> 00:09:35,839 some of the same curious lines that are 481 00:09:35,839 --> 00:09:37,269 some of the same curious lines that are going that's right that's right 482 00:09:37,269 --> 00:09:37,279 going that's right that's right 483 00:09:37,279 --> 00:09:38,790 going that's right that's right fractures this the surface has been 484 00:09:38,790 --> 00:09:38,800 fractures this the surface has been 485 00:09:38,800 --> 00:09:41,350 fractures this the surface has been heavily fractured uh by some sort of 486 00:09:41,350 --> 00:09:41,360 heavily fractured uh by some sort of 487 00:09:41,360 --> 00:09:43,350 heavily fractured uh by some sort of processing uh there may well be some 488 00:09:43,350 --> 00:09:43,360 processing uh there may well be some 489 00:09:43,360 --> 00:09:45,829 processing uh there may well be some layering on it in the in the lower right 490 00:09:45,829 --> 00:09:45,839 layering on it in the in the lower right 491 00:09:45,839 --> 00:09:46,870 layering on it in the in the lower right hand 492 00:09:46,870 --> 00:09:46,880 hand 493 00:09:46,880 --> 00:09:49,030 hand portion of this image where one sees 494 00:09:49,030 --> 00:09:49,040 portion of this image where one sees 495 00:09:49,040 --> 00:09:50,550 portion of this image where one sees these alternating dark and lighter 496 00:09:50,550 --> 00:09:50,560 these alternating dark and lighter 497 00:09:50,560 --> 00:09:52,150 these alternating dark and lighter streaks that's right 498 00:09:52,150 --> 00:09:52,160 streaks that's right 499 00:09:52,160 --> 00:09:54,710 streaks that's right perhaps that's layering of material it's 500 00:09:54,710 --> 00:09:54,720 perhaps that's layering of material it's 501 00:09:54,720 --> 00:09:56,550 perhaps that's layering of material it's really a remarkably complex surface for 502 00:09:56,550 --> 00:09:56,560 really a remarkably complex surface for 503 00:09:56,560 --> 00:09:58,630 really a remarkably complex surface for an object that's barely 300 miles in 504 00:09:58,630 --> 00:09:58,640 an object that's barely 300 miles in 505 00:09:58,640 --> 00:10:00,470 an object that's barely 300 miles in diameter 506 00:10:00,470 --> 00:10:00,480 diameter 507 00:10:00,480 --> 00:10:02,310 diameter the rings of uranus have some provided 508 00:10:02,310 --> 00:10:02,320 the rings of uranus have some provided 509 00:10:02,320 --> 00:10:04,230 the rings of uranus have some provided some thrills and surprises for several 510 00:10:04,230 --> 00:10:04,240 some thrills and surprises for several 511 00:10:04,240 --> 00:10:06,710 some thrills and surprises for several voyager scientists those who specialize 512 00:10:06,710 --> 00:10:06,720 voyager scientists those who specialize 513 00:10:06,720 --> 00:10:09,190 voyager scientists those who specialize in studying planetary rings one of those 514 00:10:09,190 --> 00:10:09,200 in studying planetary rings one of those 515 00:10:09,200 --> 00:10:11,030 in studying planetary rings one of those is dr jeff cuzzy from nasa's ames 516 00:10:11,030 --> 00:10:11,040 is dr jeff cuzzy from nasa's ames 517 00:10:11,040 --> 00:10:13,590 is dr jeff cuzzy from nasa's ames research center and he's with me now and 518 00:10:13,590 --> 00:10:13,600 research center and he's with me now and 519 00:10:13,600 --> 00:10:15,430 research center and he's with me now and just let's talk about these strange 520 00:10:15,430 --> 00:10:15,440 just let's talk about these strange 521 00:10:15,440 --> 00:10:17,430 just let's talk about these strange rings and i'm going to ask if somebody 522 00:10:17,430 --> 00:10:17,440 rings and i'm going to ask if somebody 523 00:10:17,440 --> 00:10:19,030 rings and i'm going to ask if somebody can to put up 524 00:10:19,030 --> 00:10:19,040 can to put up 525 00:10:19,040 --> 00:10:22,310 can to put up on uh on one of our video ports 70 this 526 00:10:22,310 --> 00:10:22,320 on uh on one of our video ports 70 this 527 00:10:22,320 --> 00:10:25,030 on uh on one of our video ports 70 this picture we want uh jeff 528 00:10:25,030 --> 00:10:25,040 picture we want uh jeff 529 00:10:25,040 --> 00:10:26,870 picture we want uh jeff the rings have been 530 00:10:26,870 --> 00:10:26,880 the rings have been 531 00:10:26,880 --> 00:10:28,150 the rings have been well we knew about that they were there 532 00:10:28,150 --> 00:10:28,160 well we knew about that they were there 533 00:10:28,160 --> 00:10:29,030 well we knew about that they were there before 534 00:10:29,030 --> 00:10:29,040 before 535 00:10:29,040 --> 00:10:31,030 before before voyager got there 536 00:10:31,030 --> 00:10:31,040 before voyager got there 537 00:10:31,040 --> 00:10:33,269 before voyager got there but we've discovered quite a bit more 538 00:10:33,269 --> 00:10:33,279 but we've discovered quite a bit more 539 00:10:33,279 --> 00:10:34,550 but we've discovered quite a bit more about them and particularly about the 540 00:10:34,550 --> 00:10:34,560 about them and particularly about the 541 00:10:34,560 --> 00:10:35,910 about them and particularly about the detailed structure since we've been 542 00:10:35,910 --> 00:10:35,920 detailed structure since we've been 543 00:10:35,920 --> 00:10:38,150 detailed structure since we've been there what can you say about them well 544 00:10:38,150 --> 00:10:38,160 there what can you say about them well 545 00:10:38,160 --> 00:10:40,310 there what can you say about them well you know the main rings of uranus oliver 546 00:10:40,310 --> 00:10:40,320 you know the main rings of uranus oliver 547 00:10:40,320 --> 00:10:42,630 you know the main rings of uranus oliver were known from stellar occultations uh 548 00:10:42,630 --> 00:10:42,640 were known from stellar occultations uh 549 00:10:42,640 --> 00:10:45,509 were known from stellar occultations uh several of us who think about rings 550 00:10:45,509 --> 00:10:45,519 several of us who think about rings 551 00:10:45,519 --> 00:10:48,630 several of us who think about rings tend to associate small objects debris 552 00:10:48,630 --> 00:10:48,640 tend to associate small objects debris 553 00:10:48,640 --> 00:10:50,230 tend to associate small objects debris if you like of 554 00:10:50,230 --> 00:10:50,240 if you like of 555 00:10:50,240 --> 00:10:52,389 if you like of leftover from the formation of the moons 556 00:10:52,389 --> 00:10:52,399 leftover from the formation of the moons 557 00:10:52,399 --> 00:10:54,230 leftover from the formation of the moons and the planet that are associated with 558 00:10:54,230 --> 00:10:54,240 and the planet that are associated with 559 00:10:54,240 --> 00:10:56,150 and the planet that are associated with rings when you have all this debris 560 00:10:56,150 --> 00:10:56,160 rings when you have all this debris 561 00:10:56,160 --> 00:10:58,790 rings when you have all this debris around with the impacting meteoroids 562 00:10:58,790 --> 00:10:58,800 around with the impacting meteoroids 563 00:10:58,800 --> 00:11:00,870 around with the impacting meteoroids that are always there you always expect 564 00:11:00,870 --> 00:11:00,880 that are always there you always expect 565 00:11:00,880 --> 00:11:02,710 that are always there you always expect to have dust now this dust is very 566 00:11:02,710 --> 00:11:02,720 to have dust now this dust is very 567 00:11:02,720 --> 00:11:05,190 to have dust now this dust is very short-lived because it drags into the 568 00:11:05,190 --> 00:11:05,200 short-lived because it drags into the 569 00:11:05,200 --> 00:11:07,110 short-lived because it drags into the planet it gets destroyed by the magnetic 570 00:11:07,110 --> 00:11:07,120 planet it gets destroyed by the magnetic 571 00:11:07,120 --> 00:11:09,030 planet it gets destroyed by the magnetic fields better way one thing another so 572 00:11:09,030 --> 00:11:09,040 fields better way one thing another so 573 00:11:09,040 --> 00:11:10,710 fields better way one thing another so the location of the dust is a very 574 00:11:10,710 --> 00:11:10,720 the location of the dust is a very 575 00:11:10,720 --> 00:11:12,949 the location of the dust is a very important tracer of where the material 576 00:11:12,949 --> 00:11:12,959 important tracer of where the material 577 00:11:12,959 --> 00:11:16,230 important tracer of where the material is and so we were very uh eagerly 578 00:11:16,230 --> 00:11:16,240 is and so we were very uh eagerly 579 00:11:16,240 --> 00:11:18,470 is and so we were very uh eagerly anticipating the existence of the 580 00:11:18,470 --> 00:11:18,480 anticipating the existence of the 581 00:11:18,480 --> 00:11:20,710 anticipating the existence of the structure of the dust now because of the 582 00:11:20,710 --> 00:11:20,720 structure of the dust now because of the 583 00:11:20,720 --> 00:11:22,310 structure of the dust now because of the magnetic field 584 00:11:22,310 --> 00:11:22,320 magnetic field 585 00:11:22,320 --> 00:11:24,710 magnetic field and probably because of the the 586 00:11:24,710 --> 00:11:24,720 and probably because of the the 587 00:11:24,720 --> 00:11:26,790 and probably because of the the perturbing effect of the magnetic field 588 00:11:26,790 --> 00:11:26,800 perturbing effect of the magnetic field 589 00:11:26,800 --> 00:11:28,949 perturbing effect of the magnetic field on the charged particles that are small 590 00:11:28,949 --> 00:11:28,959 on the charged particles that are small 591 00:11:28,959 --> 00:11:30,230 on the charged particles that are small most of the dust seems to have been 592 00:11:30,230 --> 00:11:30,240 most of the dust seems to have been 593 00:11:30,240 --> 00:11:32,389 most of the dust seems to have been removed from the uranus system and this 594 00:11:32,389 --> 00:11:32,399 removed from the uranus system and this 595 00:11:32,399 --> 00:11:33,910 removed from the uranus system and this is the picture we got at that point yeah 596 00:11:33,910 --> 00:11:33,920 is the picture we got at that point yeah 597 00:11:33,920 --> 00:11:35,910 is the picture we got at that point yeah that is an absolutely spectacular 598 00:11:35,910 --> 00:11:35,920 that is an absolutely spectacular 599 00:11:35,920 --> 00:11:38,630 that is an absolutely spectacular picture and it shows basically that most 600 00:11:38,630 --> 00:11:38,640 picture and it shows basically that most 601 00:11:38,640 --> 00:11:40,389 picture and it shows basically that most of the region 602 00:11:40,389 --> 00:11:40,399 of the region 603 00:11:40,399 --> 00:11:42,630 of the region of the known rings is 604 00:11:42,630 --> 00:11:42,640 of the known rings is 605 00:11:42,640 --> 00:11:45,430 of the known rings is is more or less replete with dust 606 00:11:45,430 --> 00:11:45,440 is more or less replete with dust 607 00:11:45,440 --> 00:11:47,509 is more or less replete with dust the voyager uranus encounter has shed 608 00:11:47,509 --> 00:11:47,519 the voyager uranus encounter has shed 609 00:11:47,519 --> 00:11:49,910 the voyager uranus encounter has shed new light on this unique planet 610 00:11:49,910 --> 00:11:49,920 new light on this unique planet 611 00:11:49,920 --> 00:11:53,910 new light on this unique planet some of the preliminary findings include 612 00:11:53,910 --> 00:11:53,920 some of the preliminary findings include 613 00:11:53,920 --> 00:11:56,630 some of the preliminary findings include 10 new moons were discovered one new 614 00:11:56,630 --> 00:11:56,640 10 new moons were discovered one new 615 00:11:56,640 --> 00:11:58,550 10 new moons were discovered one new ring was found 616 00:11:58,550 --> 00:11:58,560 ring was found 617 00:11:58,560 --> 00:12:00,470 ring was found two shepherding moons are located near 618 00:12:00,470 --> 00:12:00,480 two shepherding moons are located near 619 00:12:00,480 --> 00:12:02,870 two shepherding moons are located near the epsilon ring 620 00:12:02,870 --> 00:12:02,880 the epsilon ring 621 00:12:02,880 --> 00:12:04,790 the epsilon ring the rings are slightly varying in 622 00:12:04,790 --> 00:12:04,800 the rings are slightly varying in 623 00:12:04,800 --> 00:12:06,870 the rings are slightly varying in composition and color 624 00:12:06,870 --> 00:12:06,880 composition and color 625 00:12:06,880 --> 00:12:08,829 composition and color and are complex in 626 00:12:08,829 --> 00:12:08,839 and are complex in 627 00:12:08,839 --> 00:12:11,509 and are complex in structure the five known moons are an 628 00:12:11,509 --> 00:12:11,519 structure the five known moons are an 629 00:12:11,519 --> 00:12:13,190 structure the five known moons are an ice rock mixture 630 00:12:13,190 --> 00:12:13,200 ice rock mixture 631 00:12:13,200 --> 00:12:15,509 ice rock mixture with evidence of ancient geological 632 00:12:15,509 --> 00:12:15,519 with evidence of ancient geological 633 00:12:15,519 --> 00:12:16,949 with evidence of ancient geological activity 634 00:12:16,949 --> 00:12:16,959 activity 635 00:12:16,959 --> 00:12:19,670 activity ariel was volcanic in the past 636 00:12:19,670 --> 00:12:19,680 ariel was volcanic in the past 637 00:12:19,680 --> 00:12:22,150 ariel was volcanic in the past miranda is considered the strangest body 638 00:12:22,150 --> 00:12:22,160 miranda is considered the strangest body 639 00:12:22,160 --> 00:12:24,629 miranda is considered the strangest body in the solar system by many jpl team 640 00:12:24,629 --> 00:12:24,639 in the solar system by many jpl team 641 00:12:24,639 --> 00:12:25,590 in the solar system by many jpl team members 642 00:12:25,590 --> 00:12:25,600 members 643 00:12:25,600 --> 00:12:29,509 members it has scarps cliffs and layering 644 00:12:29,509 --> 00:12:29,519 it has scarps cliffs and layering 645 00:12:29,519 --> 00:12:33,269 it has scarps cliffs and layering the atmosphere of uranus is 15 helium 646 00:12:33,269 --> 00:12:33,279 the atmosphere of uranus is 15 helium 647 00:12:33,279 --> 00:12:35,910 the atmosphere of uranus is 15 helium and the rest is hydrogen ammonia and 648 00:12:35,910 --> 00:12:35,920 and the rest is hydrogen ammonia and 649 00:12:35,920 --> 00:12:37,670 and the rest is hydrogen ammonia and methane 650 00:12:37,670 --> 00:12:37,680 methane 651 00:12:37,680 --> 00:12:40,069 methane the planet may have a rocky core of the 652 00:12:40,069 --> 00:12:40,079 the planet may have a rocky core of the 653 00:12:40,079 --> 00:12:41,829 the planet may have a rocky core of the size of earth 654 00:12:41,829 --> 00:12:41,839 size of earth 655 00:12:41,839 --> 00:12:43,670 size of earth uranus is covered with an ocean of 656 00:12:43,670 --> 00:12:43,680 uranus is covered with an ocean of 657 00:12:43,680 --> 00:12:46,710 uranus is covered with an ocean of mostly water methane and ammonia our 658 00:12:46,710 --> 00:12:46,720 mostly water methane and ammonia our 659 00:12:46,720 --> 00:12:48,790 mostly water methane and ammonia our next report comes to us from the nasa 660 00:12:48,790 --> 00:12:48,800 next report comes to us from the nasa 661 00:12:48,800 --> 00:12:51,750 next report comes to us from the nasa ames research center near san francisco 662 00:12:51,750 --> 00:12:51,760 ames research center near san francisco 663 00:12:51,760 --> 00:12:54,790 ames research center near san francisco the report was released in 1987 664 00:12:54,790 --> 00:12:54,800 the report was released in 1987 665 00:12:54,800 --> 00:12:56,790 the report was released in 1987 and summarizes some of the findings of 666 00:12:56,790 --> 00:12:56,800 and summarizes some of the findings of 667 00:12:56,800 --> 00:12:59,110 and summarizes some of the findings of the pioneer venus spacecraft which 668 00:12:59,110 --> 00:12:59,120 the pioneer venus spacecraft which 669 00:12:59,120 --> 00:13:01,670 the pioneer venus spacecraft which earlier examined comet halley as it 670 00:13:01,670 --> 00:13:01,680 earlier examined comet halley as it 671 00:13:01,680 --> 00:13:04,710 earlier examined comet halley as it looped around the sun 672 00:13:04,710 --> 00:13:04,720 looped around the sun 673 00:13:04,720 --> 00:13:07,110 looped around the sun as long as man has been conscious of the 674 00:13:07,110 --> 00:13:07,120 as long as man has been conscious of the 675 00:13:07,120 --> 00:13:08,310 as long as man has been conscious of the sky 676 00:13:08,310 --> 00:13:08,320 sky 677 00:13:08,320 --> 00:13:10,550 sky comets have been objects of special 678 00:13:10,550 --> 00:13:10,560 comets have been objects of special 679 00:13:10,560 --> 00:13:11,990 comets have been objects of special fascination 680 00:13:11,990 --> 00:13:12,000 fascination 681 00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:14,150 fascination our ancestors thought they were omens of 682 00:13:14,150 --> 00:13:14,160 our ancestors thought they were omens of 683 00:13:14,160 --> 00:13:19,509 our ancestors thought they were omens of ill fortune 684 00:13:19,509 --> 00:13:19,519 685 00:13:19,519 --> 00:13:22,389 today we see them much differently 686 00:13:22,389 --> 00:13:22,399 today we see them much differently 687 00:13:22,399 --> 00:13:25,350 today we see them much differently dr jeffrey cuzzy is a nasa scientist who 688 00:13:25,350 --> 00:13:25,360 dr jeffrey cuzzy is a nasa scientist who 689 00:13:25,360 --> 00:13:27,750 dr jeffrey cuzzy is a nasa scientist who specializes in comets today we know 690 00:13:27,750 --> 00:13:27,760 specializes in comets today we know 691 00:13:27,760 --> 00:13:29,990 specializes in comets today we know comets are not magical apparitions but 692 00:13:29,990 --> 00:13:30,000 comets are not magical apparitions but 693 00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:32,389 comets are not magical apparitions but mountain-sized dirty snowballs of ice 694 00:13:32,389 --> 00:13:32,399 mountain-sized dirty snowballs of ice 695 00:13:32,399 --> 00:13:34,949 mountain-sized dirty snowballs of ice and rocky dust there are living fossils 696 00:13:34,949 --> 00:13:34,959 and rocky dust there are living fossils 697 00:13:34,959 --> 00:13:36,710 and rocky dust there are living fossils left over from the early days of the 698 00:13:36,710 --> 00:13:36,720 left over from the early days of the 699 00:13:36,720 --> 00:13:38,629 left over from the early days of the formation of the solar system but there 700 00:13:38,629 --> 00:13:38,639 formation of the solar system but there 701 00:13:38,639 --> 00:13:40,470 formation of the solar system but there may have been some truth to the old 702 00:13:40,470 --> 00:13:40,480 may have been some truth to the old 703 00:13:40,480 --> 00:13:41,990 may have been some truth to the old superstition 704 00:13:41,990 --> 00:13:42,000 superstition 705 00:13:42,000 --> 00:13:44,150 superstition a large comet hitting earth may have 706 00:13:44,150 --> 00:13:44,160 a large comet hitting earth may have 707 00:13:44,160 --> 00:13:45,829 a large comet hitting earth may have been the cause of the death of the 708 00:13:45,829 --> 00:13:45,839 been the cause of the death of the 709 00:13:45,839 --> 00:13:48,230 been the cause of the death of the dinosaurs and other comets may have 710 00:13:48,230 --> 00:13:48,240 dinosaurs and other comets may have 711 00:13:48,240 --> 00:13:49,990 dinosaurs and other comets may have caused earlier episodes of mass 712 00:13:49,990 --> 00:13:50,000 caused earlier episodes of mass 713 00:13:50,000 --> 00:13:51,910 caused earlier episodes of mass extinction 714 00:13:51,910 --> 00:13:51,920 extinction 715 00:13:51,920 --> 00:13:54,310 extinction even today earth is not entirely safe 716 00:13:54,310 --> 00:13:54,320 even today earth is not entirely safe 717 00:13:54,320 --> 00:13:55,750 even today earth is not entirely safe from comets 718 00:13:55,750 --> 00:13:55,760 from comets 719 00:13:55,760 --> 00:13:59,269 from comets in 1908 in a remote area in russia 200 720 00:13:59,269 --> 00:13:59,279 in 1908 in a remote area in russia 200 721 00:13:59,279 --> 00:14:01,910 in 1908 in a remote area in russia 200 square miles of forest were blown down 722 00:14:01,910 --> 00:14:01,920 square miles of forest were blown down 723 00:14:01,920 --> 00:14:04,389 square miles of forest were blown down by an explosion with the force of a 12 724 00:14:04,389 --> 00:14:04,399 by an explosion with the force of a 12 725 00:14:04,399 --> 00:14:07,350 by an explosion with the force of a 12 megaton bomb 726 00:14:07,350 --> 00:14:07,360 megaton bomb 727 00:14:07,360 --> 00:14:09,590 megaton bomb it was probably caused by a large comet 728 00:14:09,590 --> 00:14:09,600 it was probably caused by a large comet 729 00:14:09,600 --> 00:14:13,590 it was probably caused by a large comet exploding in the atmosphere 730 00:14:13,590 --> 00:14:13,600 731 00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:16,069 experts estimate that a comet strikes 732 00:14:16,069 --> 00:14:16,079 experts estimate that a comet strikes 733 00:14:16,079 --> 00:14:19,829 experts estimate that a comet strikes earth about once every million years 734 00:14:19,829 --> 00:14:19,839 earth about once every million years 735 00:14:19,839 --> 00:14:21,269 earth about once every million years there are a number of reasons for 736 00:14:21,269 --> 00:14:21,279 there are a number of reasons for 737 00:14:21,279 --> 00:14:23,430 there are a number of reasons for studying comics well the more we learn 738 00:14:23,430 --> 00:14:23,440 studying comics well the more we learn 739 00:14:23,440 --> 00:14:25,189 studying comics well the more we learn about the material comets are made of 740 00:14:25,189 --> 00:14:25,199 about the material comets are made of 741 00:14:25,199 --> 00:14:26,629 about the material comets are made of and the way that material is put 742 00:14:26,629 --> 00:14:26,639 and the way that material is put 743 00:14:26,639 --> 00:14:29,110 and the way that material is put together the better idea we'll have of 744 00:14:29,110 --> 00:14:29,120 together the better idea we'll have of 745 00:14:29,120 --> 00:14:31,110 together the better idea we'll have of the situation on which the planets of 746 00:14:31,110 --> 00:14:31,120 the situation on which the planets of 747 00:14:31,120 --> 00:14:33,509 the situation on which the planets of the solar system form it is extremely 748 00:14:33,509 --> 00:14:33,519 the solar system form it is extremely 749 00:14:33,519 --> 00:14:35,670 the solar system form it is extremely difficult to reconstruct our planet's 750 00:14:35,670 --> 00:14:35,680 difficult to reconstruct our planet's 751 00:14:35,680 --> 00:14:38,069 difficult to reconstruct our planet's origins by studying the material it is 752 00:14:38,069 --> 00:14:38,079 origins by studying the material it is 753 00:14:38,079 --> 00:14:40,069 origins by studying the material it is composed of today 754 00:14:40,069 --> 00:14:40,079 composed of today 755 00:14:40,079 --> 00:14:42,790 composed of today even the oldest rocks on earth have been 756 00:14:42,790 --> 00:14:42,800 even the oldest rocks on earth have been 757 00:14:42,800 --> 00:14:45,430 even the oldest rocks on earth have been changed and modified repeatedly by 758 00:14:45,430 --> 00:14:45,440 changed and modified repeatedly by 759 00:14:45,440 --> 00:14:47,829 changed and modified repeatedly by geological processes such as melting and 760 00:14:47,829 --> 00:14:47,839 geological processes such as melting and 761 00:14:47,839 --> 00:14:49,269 geological processes such as melting and solidification 762 00:14:49,269 --> 00:14:49,279 solidification 763 00:14:49,279 --> 00:14:51,910 solidification wind and water erosion 764 00:14:51,910 --> 00:14:51,920 wind and water erosion 765 00:14:51,920 --> 00:14:54,629 wind and water erosion in the 1970s nasa studied a number of 766 00:14:54,629 --> 00:14:54,639 in the 1970s nasa studied a number of 767 00:14:54,639 --> 00:14:56,870 in the 1970s nasa studied a number of different missions to halley's comet one 768 00:14:56,870 --> 00:14:56,880 different missions to halley's comet one 769 00:14:56,880 --> 00:14:58,949 different missions to halley's comet one of the brightest and best known of the 770 00:14:58,949 --> 00:14:58,959 of the brightest and best known of the 771 00:14:58,959 --> 00:15:00,949 of the brightest and best known of the thousand or so comets that pass 772 00:15:00,949 --> 00:15:00,959 thousand or so comets that pass 773 00:15:00,959 --> 00:15:02,790 thousand or so comets that pass periodically by earth 774 00:15:02,790 --> 00:15:02,800 periodically by earth 775 00:15:02,800 --> 00:15:05,189 periodically by earth but budgetary constraints kept such 776 00:15:05,189 --> 00:15:05,199 but budgetary constraints kept such 777 00:15:05,199 --> 00:15:08,790 but budgetary constraints kept such emission from getting off the ground 778 00:15:08,790 --> 00:15:08,800 779 00:15:08,800 --> 00:15:11,910 nevertheless the 1986 return of halley's 780 00:15:11,910 --> 00:15:11,920 nevertheless the 1986 return of halley's 781 00:15:11,920 --> 00:15:12,790 nevertheless the 1986 return of halley's comet 782 00:15:12,790 --> 00:15:12,800 comet 783 00:15:12,800 --> 00:15:15,910 comet proved to be a scientific spectacular 784 00:15:15,910 --> 00:15:15,920 proved to be a scientific spectacular 785 00:15:15,920 --> 00:15:17,910 proved to be a scientific spectacular almost all the world's telescopes were 786 00:15:17,910 --> 00:15:17,920 almost all the world's telescopes were 787 00:15:17,920 --> 00:15:24,470 almost all the world's telescopes were riveted on the comet 788 00:15:24,470 --> 00:15:24,480 789 00:15:24,480 --> 00:15:27,670 in addition the soviet union japan and 790 00:15:27,670 --> 00:15:27,680 in addition the soviet union japan and 791 00:15:27,680 --> 00:15:30,069 in addition the soviet union japan and the european space agency launched 792 00:15:30,069 --> 00:15:30,079 the european space agency launched 793 00:15:30,079 --> 00:15:32,069 the european space agency launched spacecraft to rendezvous with a famous 794 00:15:32,069 --> 00:15:32,079 spacecraft to rendezvous with a famous 795 00:15:32,079 --> 00:15:51,189 spacecraft to rendezvous with a famous visitor 796 00:15:51,189 --> 00:15:51,199 797 00:15:51,199 --> 00:15:53,509 meanwhile at nasa's ames research center 798 00:15:53,509 --> 00:15:53,519 meanwhile at nasa's ames research center 799 00:15:53,519 --> 00:15:55,910 meanwhile at nasa's ames research center in mountain view california u.s 800 00:15:55,910 --> 00:15:55,920 in mountain view california u.s 801 00:15:55,920 --> 00:15:58,150 in mountain view california u.s scientists found an innovative way to 802 00:15:58,150 --> 00:15:58,160 scientists found an innovative way to 803 00:15:58,160 --> 00:15:59,829 scientists found an innovative way to participate 804 00:15:59,829 --> 00:15:59,839 participate 805 00:15:59,839 --> 00:16:01,189 participate richard femmel 806 00:16:01,189 --> 00:16:01,199 richard femmel 807 00:16:01,199 --> 00:16:04,069 richard femmel nasa's pioneer project manager 808 00:16:04,069 --> 00:16:04,079 nasa's pioneer project manager 809 00:16:04,079 --> 00:16:07,509 nasa's pioneer project manager in 1981 we started looking into how 810 00:16:07,509 --> 00:16:07,519 in 1981 we started looking into how 811 00:16:07,519 --> 00:16:09,749 in 1981 we started looking into how we could use an existing spacecraft to 812 00:16:09,749 --> 00:16:09,759 we could use an existing spacecraft to 813 00:16:09,759 --> 00:16:11,670 we could use an existing spacecraft to make measurements of halley's comet as 814 00:16:11,670 --> 00:16:11,680 make measurements of halley's comet as 815 00:16:11,680 --> 00:16:13,430 make measurements of halley's comet as it came by 816 00:16:13,430 --> 00:16:13,440 it came by 817 00:16:13,440 --> 00:16:15,430 it came by this spacecraft is the pioneer venus 818 00:16:15,430 --> 00:16:15,440 this spacecraft is the pioneer venus 819 00:16:15,440 --> 00:16:17,670 this spacecraft is the pioneer venus orbiter which was already in orbit 820 00:16:17,670 --> 00:16:17,680 orbiter which was already in orbit 821 00:16:17,680 --> 00:16:19,829 orbiter which was already in orbit around the planet venus it was inserted 822 00:16:19,829 --> 00:16:19,839 around the planet venus it was inserted 823 00:16:19,839 --> 00:16:23,110 around the planet venus it was inserted in orbit in december of 1978 824 00:16:23,110 --> 00:16:23,120 in orbit in december of 1978 825 00:16:23,120 --> 00:16:24,870 in orbit in december of 1978 the surface of venus is completely 826 00:16:24,870 --> 00:16:24,880 the surface of venus is completely 827 00:16:24,880 --> 00:16:27,110 the surface of venus is completely obscured by a heavy cloud cover so we 828 00:16:27,110 --> 00:16:27,120 obscured by a heavy cloud cover so we 829 00:16:27,120 --> 00:16:28,949 obscured by a heavy cloud cover so we really knew very little about the 830 00:16:28,949 --> 00:16:28,959 really knew very little about the 831 00:16:28,959 --> 00:16:30,069 really knew very little about the surface 832 00:16:30,069 --> 00:16:30,079 surface 833 00:16:30,079 --> 00:16:31,590 surface of the planet 834 00:16:31,590 --> 00:16:31,600 of the planet 835 00:16:31,600 --> 00:16:34,310 of the planet the pioneer venus mission consisted of a 836 00:16:34,310 --> 00:16:34,320 the pioneer venus mission consisted of a 837 00:16:34,320 --> 00:16:35,350 the pioneer venus mission consisted of a pair of 838 00:16:35,350 --> 00:16:35,360 pair of 839 00:16:35,360 --> 00:16:38,069 pair of the orbiter and a multi-probe which 840 00:16:38,069 --> 00:16:38,079 the orbiter and a multi-probe which 841 00:16:38,079 --> 00:16:40,790 the orbiter and a multi-probe which carried four instrumented probes which 842 00:16:40,790 --> 00:16:40,800 carried four instrumented probes which 843 00:16:40,800 --> 00:16:42,790 carried four instrumented probes which were released before the spacecraft 844 00:16:42,790 --> 00:16:42,800 were released before the spacecraft 845 00:16:42,800 --> 00:16:45,110 were released before the spacecraft reached venus and they plunged to the 846 00:16:45,110 --> 00:16:45,120 reached venus and they plunged to the 847 00:16:45,120 --> 00:16:46,710 reached venus and they plunged to the surface of venus making their 848 00:16:46,710 --> 00:16:46,720 surface of venus making their 849 00:16:46,720 --> 00:16:48,389 surface of venus making their measurements with the instruments on 850 00:16:48,389 --> 00:16:48,399 measurements with the instruments on 851 00:16:48,399 --> 00:16:49,910 measurements with the instruments on board as they were probes were 852 00:16:49,910 --> 00:16:49,920 board as they were probes were 853 00:16:49,920 --> 00:16:52,069 board as they were probes were descending to the planet's surface 854 00:16:52,069 --> 00:16:52,079 descending to the planet's surface 855 00:16:52,079 --> 00:16:54,790 descending to the planet's surface together the orbiter and the moly probes 856 00:16:54,790 --> 00:16:54,800 together the orbiter and the moly probes 857 00:16:54,800 --> 00:16:56,949 together the orbiter and the moly probes provided information about 858 00:16:56,949 --> 00:16:56,959 provided information about 859 00:16:56,959 --> 00:16:59,990 provided information about the atmosphere of venus and why it is so 860 00:16:59,990 --> 00:17:00,000 the atmosphere of venus and why it is so 861 00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:03,110 the atmosphere of venus and why it is so searingly hot and dense 862 00:17:03,110 --> 00:17:03,120 searingly hot and dense 863 00:17:03,120 --> 00:17:05,189 searingly hot and dense also another instrument on board the 864 00:17:05,189 --> 00:17:05,199 also another instrument on board the 865 00:17:05,199 --> 00:17:07,270 also another instrument on board the spacecraft took thousands of images of 866 00:17:07,270 --> 00:17:07,280 spacecraft took thousands of images of 867 00:17:07,280 --> 00:17:09,510 spacecraft took thousands of images of the cloud cover of the planet venus 868 00:17:09,510 --> 00:17:09,520 the cloud cover of the planet venus 869 00:17:09,520 --> 00:17:11,270 the cloud cover of the planet venus helping to explain the atmospheric 870 00:17:11,270 --> 00:17:11,280 helping to explain the atmospheric 871 00:17:11,280 --> 00:17:13,590 helping to explain the atmospheric circulation about the planet and 872 00:17:13,590 --> 00:17:13,600 circulation about the planet and 873 00:17:13,600 --> 00:17:15,829 circulation about the planet and unraveling many of the mysteries that 874 00:17:15,829 --> 00:17:15,839 unraveling many of the mysteries that 875 00:17:15,839 --> 00:17:17,669 unraveling many of the mysteries that venus has held 876 00:17:17,669 --> 00:17:17,679 venus has held 877 00:17:17,679 --> 00:17:19,590 venus has held fortunately the cosmos arranged it so 878 00:17:19,590 --> 00:17:19,600 fortunately the cosmos arranged it so 879 00:17:19,600 --> 00:17:22,150 fortunately the cosmos arranged it so that we had a ringside seat as halley's 880 00:17:22,150 --> 00:17:22,160 that we had a ringside seat as halley's 881 00:17:22,160 --> 00:17:23,829 that we had a ringside seat as halley's comet came by 882 00:17:23,829 --> 00:17:23,839 comet came by 883 00:17:23,839 --> 00:17:26,230 comet came by in its path closest to the sun which is 884 00:17:26,230 --> 00:17:26,240 in its path closest to the sun which is 885 00:17:26,240 --> 00:17:27,750 in its path closest to the sun which is the time when the comet is its most 886 00:17:27,750 --> 00:17:27,760 the time when the comet is its most 887 00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:29,830 the time when the comet is its most active 888 00:17:29,830 --> 00:17:29,840 active 889 00:17:29,840 --> 00:17:31,990 active halley's like all comets is made up of 890 00:17:31,990 --> 00:17:32,000 halley's like all comets is made up of 891 00:17:32,000 --> 00:17:33,350 halley's like all comets is made up of several parts 892 00:17:33,350 --> 00:17:33,360 several parts 893 00:17:33,360 --> 00:17:36,150 several parts the nucleus is a large dirty snowball 894 00:17:36,150 --> 00:17:36,160 the nucleus is a large dirty snowball 895 00:17:36,160 --> 00:17:38,310 the nucleus is a large dirty snowball frozen as hard as marble 896 00:17:38,310 --> 00:17:38,320 frozen as hard as marble 897 00:17:38,320 --> 00:17:40,710 frozen as hard as marble it is composed of roughly 40 percent 898 00:17:40,710 --> 00:17:40,720 it is composed of roughly 40 percent 899 00:17:40,720 --> 00:17:45,029 it is composed of roughly 40 percent water ice 10 frozen gases and 50 900 00:17:45,029 --> 00:17:45,039 water ice 10 frozen gases and 50 901 00:17:45,039 --> 00:17:46,630 water ice 10 frozen gases and 50 dust and rock 902 00:17:46,630 --> 00:17:46,640 dust and rock 903 00:17:46,640 --> 00:17:48,870 dust and rock when a comet's looping orbit carries it 904 00:17:48,870 --> 00:17:48,880 when a comet's looping orbit carries it 905 00:17:48,880 --> 00:17:51,669 when a comet's looping orbit carries it close to the sun the intense sunlight 906 00:17:51,669 --> 00:17:51,679 close to the sun the intense sunlight 907 00:17:51,679 --> 00:17:54,150 close to the sun the intense sunlight begins to boil dust and gas from its 908 00:17:54,150 --> 00:17:54,160 begins to boil dust and gas from its 909 00:17:54,160 --> 00:17:55,350 begins to boil dust and gas from its surface 910 00:17:55,350 --> 00:17:55,360 surface 911 00:17:55,360 --> 00:17:58,230 surface invisible hydrogen gas forms a large 912 00:17:58,230 --> 00:17:58,240 invisible hydrogen gas forms a large 913 00:17:58,240 --> 00:18:01,190 invisible hydrogen gas forms a large egg-shaped cloud called a coma and the 914 00:18:01,190 --> 00:18:01,200 egg-shaped cloud called a coma and the 915 00:18:01,200 --> 00:18:04,549 egg-shaped cloud called a coma and the comet develops two spectacular tails a 916 00:18:04,549 --> 00:18:04,559 comet develops two spectacular tails a 917 00:18:04,559 --> 00:18:06,230 comet develops two spectacular tails a straight tail made of electrically 918 00:18:06,230 --> 00:18:06,240 straight tail made of electrically 919 00:18:06,240 --> 00:18:07,590 straight tail made of electrically charged gas 920 00:18:07,590 --> 00:18:07,600 charged gas 921 00:18:07,600 --> 00:18:09,750 charged gas and a curved dust tail 922 00:18:09,750 --> 00:18:09,760 and a curved dust tail 923 00:18:09,760 --> 00:18:12,789 and a curved dust tail at the university of colorado boulder dr 924 00:18:12,789 --> 00:18:12,799 at the university of colorado boulder dr 925 00:18:12,799 --> 00:18:14,950 at the university of colorado boulder dr ian stewart chief scientist of the 926 00:18:14,950 --> 00:18:14,960 ian stewart chief scientist of the 927 00:18:14,960 --> 00:18:17,270 ian stewart chief scientist of the pioneer halley's mission determined that 928 00:18:17,270 --> 00:18:17,280 pioneer halley's mission determined that 929 00:18:17,280 --> 00:18:19,110 pioneer halley's mission determined that he could make unique and valuable 930 00:18:19,110 --> 00:18:19,120 he could make unique and valuable 931 00:18:19,120 --> 00:18:21,190 he could make unique and valuable measurements of the comet using one of 932 00:18:21,190 --> 00:18:21,200 measurements of the comet using one of 933 00:18:21,200 --> 00:18:23,990 measurements of the comet using one of the orbiter's instruments 934 00:18:23,990 --> 00:18:24,000 the orbiter's instruments 935 00:18:24,000 --> 00:18:25,909 the orbiter's instruments in 1983 when we looked into the 936 00:18:25,909 --> 00:18:25,919 in 1983 when we looked into the 937 00:18:25,919 --> 00:18:27,590 in 1983 when we looked into the possibility of observing halle from 938 00:18:27,590 --> 00:18:27,600 possibility of observing halle from 939 00:18:27,600 --> 00:18:29,110 possibility of observing halle from pioneer venus we realized that it would 940 00:18:29,110 --> 00:18:29,120 pioneer venus we realized that it would 941 00:18:29,120 --> 00:18:30,630 pioneer venus we realized that it would come within shouting distance 942 00:18:30,630 --> 00:18:30,640 come within shouting distance 943 00:18:30,640 --> 00:18:32,470 come within shouting distance celestially speaking and that we could 944 00:18:32,470 --> 00:18:32,480 celestially speaking and that we could 945 00:18:32,480 --> 00:18:33,909 celestially speaking and that we could make really valuable measurements of the 946 00:18:33,909 --> 00:18:33,919 make really valuable measurements of the 947 00:18:33,919 --> 00:18:36,310 make really valuable measurements of the hydrogen coma when dr stewart explained 948 00:18:36,310 --> 00:18:36,320 hydrogen coma when dr stewart explained 949 00:18:36,320 --> 00:18:37,750 hydrogen coma when dr stewart explained his conclusions to us we were 950 00:18:37,750 --> 00:18:37,760 his conclusions to us we were 951 00:18:37,760 --> 00:18:39,750 his conclusions to us we were immediately enthusiastic 952 00:18:39,750 --> 00:18:39,760 immediately enthusiastic 953 00:18:39,760 --> 00:18:41,190 immediately enthusiastic we knew of course that it would mean a 954 00:18:41,190 --> 00:18:41,200 we knew of course that it would mean a 955 00:18:41,200 --> 00:18:43,110 we knew of course that it would mean a lot of extra work but we also knew that 956 00:18:43,110 --> 00:18:43,120 lot of extra work but we also knew that 957 00:18:43,120 --> 00:18:44,870 lot of extra work but we also knew that it would provide the united states with 958 00:18:44,870 --> 00:18:44,880 it would provide the united states with 959 00:18:44,880 --> 00:18:47,990 it would provide the united states with a unique halle mission capable of making 960 00:18:47,990 --> 00:18:48,000 a unique halle mission capable of making 961 00:18:48,000 --> 00:18:49,510 a unique halle mission capable of making continuous measurements through the 962 00:18:49,510 --> 00:18:49,520 continuous measurements through the 963 00:18:49,520 --> 00:18:52,070 continuous measurements through the entire perihelion when the comet was at 964 00:18:52,070 --> 00:18:52,080 entire perihelion when the comet was at 965 00:18:52,080 --> 00:18:54,950 entire perihelion when the comet was at its most active relative to using the 966 00:18:54,950 --> 00:18:54,960 its most active relative to using the 967 00:18:54,960 --> 00:18:57,510 its most active relative to using the ultraviolet spectrometer instrument to 968 00:18:57,510 --> 00:18:57,520 ultraviolet spectrometer instrument to 969 00:18:57,520 --> 00:19:00,070 ultraviolet spectrometer instrument to look at comet halley 970 00:19:00,070 --> 00:19:00,080 look at comet halley 971 00:19:00,080 --> 00:19:02,789 look at comet halley that was not originally planned as part 972 00:19:02,789 --> 00:19:02,799 that was not originally planned as part 973 00:19:02,799 --> 00:19:05,270 that was not originally planned as part of the pioneer venus 974 00:19:05,270 --> 00:19:05,280 of the pioneer venus 975 00:19:05,280 --> 00:19:06,390 of the pioneer venus orbiter 976 00:19:06,390 --> 00:19:06,400 orbiter 977 00:19:06,400 --> 00:19:09,350 orbiter experiments as they were laid out errol 978 00:19:09,350 --> 00:19:09,360 experiments as they were laid out errol 979 00:19:09,360 --> 00:19:13,590 experiments as they were laid out errol montoya pioneer program manager for nasa 980 00:19:13,590 --> 00:19:13,600 montoya pioneer program manager for nasa 981 00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:14,710 montoya pioneer program manager for nasa we had 982 00:19:14,710 --> 00:19:14,720 we had 983 00:19:14,720 --> 00:19:17,190 we had very innovative bright people say what 984 00:19:17,190 --> 00:19:17,200 very innovative bright people say what 985 00:19:17,200 --> 00:19:19,830 very innovative bright people say what if we rotated the cam the spacecraft so 986 00:19:19,830 --> 00:19:19,840 if we rotated the cam the spacecraft so 987 00:19:19,840 --> 00:19:22,549 if we rotated the cam the spacecraft so it would look out at comet halley well 988 00:19:22,549 --> 00:19:22,559 it would look out at comet halley well 989 00:19:22,559 --> 00:19:24,390 it would look out at comet halley well it turned out that 990 00:19:24,390 --> 00:19:24,400 it turned out that 991 00:19:24,400 --> 00:19:25,990 it turned out that the mission could be accomplished the 992 00:19:25,990 --> 00:19:26,000 the mission could be accomplished the 993 00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:27,669 the mission could be accomplished the gathering of these uh of these 994 00:19:27,669 --> 00:19:27,679 gathering of these uh of these 995 00:19:27,679 --> 00:19:29,430 gathering of these uh of these measurements using the ultraviolet 996 00:19:29,430 --> 00:19:29,440 measurements using the ultraviolet 997 00:19:29,440 --> 00:19:32,070 measurements using the ultraviolet spectrometer device at no additional 998 00:19:32,070 --> 00:19:32,080 spectrometer device at no additional 999 00:19:32,080 --> 00:19:34,070 spectrometer device at no additional cost the operation seems to be going 1000 00:19:34,070 --> 00:19:34,080 cost the operation seems to be going 1001 00:19:34,080 --> 00:19:36,230 cost the operation seems to be going very very smoothly at this point 1002 00:19:36,230 --> 00:19:36,240 very very smoothly at this point 1003 00:19:36,240 --> 00:19:38,230 very very smoothly at this point the spacecraft instrument that dr 1004 00:19:38,230 --> 00:19:38,240 the spacecraft instrument that dr 1005 00:19:38,240 --> 00:19:41,270 the spacecraft instrument that dr stewart used is called an ultraviolet 1006 00:19:41,270 --> 00:19:41,280 stewart used is called an ultraviolet 1007 00:19:41,280 --> 00:19:44,549 stewart used is called an ultraviolet spectrometer like a prism a spectrometer 1008 00:19:44,549 --> 00:19:44,559 spectrometer like a prism a spectrometer 1009 00:19:44,559 --> 00:19:47,029 spectrometer like a prism a spectrometer divides light into different colors or 1010 00:19:47,029 --> 00:19:47,039 divides light into different colors or 1011 00:19:47,039 --> 00:19:48,470 divides light into different colors or wavelengths 1012 00:19:48,470 --> 00:19:48,480 wavelengths 1013 00:19:48,480 --> 00:19:50,390 wavelengths by measuring the brightness of the light 1014 00:19:50,390 --> 00:19:50,400 by measuring the brightness of the light 1015 00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:52,870 by measuring the brightness of the light at each color scientists can tell a 1016 00:19:52,870 --> 00:19:52,880 at each color scientists can tell a 1017 00:19:52,880 --> 00:19:55,750 at each color scientists can tell a great deal about its source 1018 00:19:55,750 --> 00:19:55,760 great deal about its source 1019 00:19:55,760 --> 00:19:58,789 great deal about its source dr stewart's ultraviolet spectrometer is 1020 00:19:58,789 --> 00:19:58,799 dr stewart's ultraviolet spectrometer is 1021 00:19:58,799 --> 00:20:01,029 dr stewart's ultraviolet spectrometer is fixed to the rotating orbiter 1022 00:20:01,029 --> 00:20:01,039 fixed to the rotating orbiter 1023 00:20:01,039 --> 00:20:03,590 fixed to the rotating orbiter so the spacecraft had to be reoriented 1024 00:20:03,590 --> 00:20:03,600 so the spacecraft had to be reoriented 1025 00:20:03,600 --> 00:20:05,909 so the spacecraft had to be reoriented in order to observe the comet now 1026 00:20:05,909 --> 00:20:05,919 in order to observe the comet now 1027 00:20:05,919 --> 00:20:06,950 in order to observe the comet now normally 1028 00:20:06,950 --> 00:20:06,960 normally 1029 00:20:06,960 --> 00:20:09,510 normally the spacecraft in orbit around venus is 1030 00:20:09,510 --> 00:20:09,520 the spacecraft in orbit around venus is 1031 00:20:09,520 --> 00:20:11,990 the spacecraft in orbit around venus is orbiting with the high gain antenna 1032 00:20:11,990 --> 00:20:12,000 orbiting with the high gain antenna 1033 00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:13,830 orbiting with the high gain antenna pointed towards the south ecliptic pole 1034 00:20:13,830 --> 00:20:13,840 pointed towards the south ecliptic pole 1035 00:20:13,840 --> 00:20:16,150 pointed towards the south ecliptic pole or we would look at it as upside down as 1036 00:20:16,150 --> 00:20:16,160 or we would look at it as upside down as 1037 00:20:16,160 --> 00:20:18,070 or we would look at it as upside down as the spacecraft is spinning 1038 00:20:18,070 --> 00:20:18,080 the spacecraft is spinning 1039 00:20:18,080 --> 00:20:19,270 the spacecraft is spinning in order to 1040 00:20:19,270 --> 00:20:19,280 in order to 1041 00:20:19,280 --> 00:20:21,510 in order to observe halley's comet which is coming 1042 00:20:21,510 --> 00:20:21,520 observe halley's comet which is coming 1043 00:20:21,520 --> 00:20:23,830 observe halley's comet which is coming by venus up and above we had to 1044 00:20:23,830 --> 00:20:23,840 by venus up and above we had to 1045 00:20:23,840 --> 00:20:26,870 by venus up and above we had to carefully rotate the spacecraft 135 1046 00:20:26,870 --> 00:20:26,880 carefully rotate the spacecraft 135 1047 00:20:26,880 --> 00:20:27,909 carefully rotate the spacecraft 135 degrees 1048 00:20:27,909 --> 00:20:27,919 degrees 1049 00:20:27,919 --> 00:20:29,750 degrees so that the ultraviolet spectrometer 1050 00:20:29,750 --> 00:20:29,760 so that the ultraviolet spectrometer 1051 00:20:29,760 --> 00:20:31,990 so that the ultraviolet spectrometer would be looking up and have the comet 1052 00:20:31,990 --> 00:20:32,000 would be looking up and have the comet 1053 00:20:32,000 --> 00:20:35,110 would be looking up and have the comet in its field of view as it rotated once 1054 00:20:35,110 --> 00:20:35,120 in its field of view as it rotated once 1055 00:20:35,120 --> 00:20:36,710 in its field of view as it rotated once every 12 seconds 1056 00:20:36,710 --> 00:20:36,720 every 12 seconds 1057 00:20:36,720 --> 00:20:38,470 every 12 seconds in the process of doing this a number of 1058 00:20:38,470 --> 00:20:38,480 in the process of doing this a number of 1059 00:20:38,480 --> 00:20:40,549 in the process of doing this a number of things had to be paid attention to we 1060 00:20:40,549 --> 00:20:40,559 things had to be paid attention to we 1061 00:20:40,559 --> 00:20:42,470 things had to be paid attention to we had to keep the solar panels properly 1062 00:20:42,470 --> 00:20:42,480 had to keep the solar panels properly 1063 00:20:42,480 --> 00:20:44,950 had to keep the solar panels properly oriented so they were receiving sunlight 1064 00:20:44,950 --> 00:20:44,960 oriented so they were receiving sunlight 1065 00:20:44,960 --> 00:20:46,390 oriented so they were receiving sunlight and to provide the power for the 1066 00:20:46,390 --> 00:20:46,400 and to provide the power for the 1067 00:20:46,400 --> 00:20:49,190 and to provide the power for the spacecraft we had to make sure that our 1068 00:20:49,190 --> 00:20:49,200 spacecraft we had to make sure that our 1069 00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:51,029 spacecraft we had to make sure that our star tracker had a bright star in the 1070 00:20:51,029 --> 00:20:51,039 star tracker had a bright star in the 1071 00:20:51,039 --> 00:20:53,029 star tracker had a bright star in the field of view so that we were would be 1072 00:20:53,029 --> 00:20:53,039 field of view so that we were would be 1073 00:20:53,039 --> 00:20:54,630 field of view so that we were would be able to maneuver and check the 1074 00:20:54,630 --> 00:20:54,640 able to maneuver and check the 1075 00:20:54,640 --> 00:20:56,789 able to maneuver and check the orientation of the spacecraft and we 1076 00:20:56,789 --> 00:20:56,799 orientation of the spacecraft and we 1077 00:20:56,799 --> 00:21:00,149 orientation of the spacecraft and we also had constraints on the position 1078 00:21:00,149 --> 00:21:00,159 also had constraints on the position 1079 00:21:00,159 --> 00:21:02,070 also had constraints on the position because the high gain antenna can only 1080 00:21:02,070 --> 00:21:02,080 because the high gain antenna can only 1081 00:21:02,080 --> 00:21:04,789 because the high gain antenna can only move a limited amount in elevation and 1082 00:21:04,789 --> 00:21:04,799 move a limited amount in elevation and 1083 00:21:04,799 --> 00:21:07,270 move a limited amount in elevation and that has to stay pointed at earth as it 1084 00:21:07,270 --> 00:21:07,280 that has to stay pointed at earth as it 1085 00:21:07,280 --> 00:21:09,669 that has to stay pointed at earth as it is de-spun halley's orbit takes it from 1086 00:21:09,669 --> 00:21:09,679 is de-spun halley's orbit takes it from 1087 00:21:09,679 --> 00:21:11,990 is de-spun halley's orbit takes it from the outer reaches of the solar system 1088 00:21:11,990 --> 00:21:12,000 the outer reaches of the solar system 1089 00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:15,190 the outer reaches of the solar system about the orbit of uranus to within 55 1090 00:21:15,190 --> 00:21:15,200 about the orbit of uranus to within 55 1091 00:21:15,200 --> 00:21:17,590 about the orbit of uranus to within 55 million miles of the sun well because 1092 00:21:17,590 --> 00:21:17,600 million miles of the sun well because 1093 00:21:17,600 --> 00:21:19,270 million miles of the sun well because halley's comet is most active when it's 1094 00:21:19,270 --> 00:21:19,280 halley's comet is most active when it's 1095 00:21:19,280 --> 00:21:21,190 halley's comet is most active when it's close to the sun it is most important to 1096 00:21:21,190 --> 00:21:21,200 close to the sun it is most important to 1097 00:21:21,200 --> 00:21:23,190 close to the sun it is most important to observe it at that time as halley's 1098 00:21:23,190 --> 00:21:23,200 observe it at that time as halley's 1099 00:21:23,200 --> 00:21:25,590 observe it at that time as halley's comet made its closest approach to venus 1100 00:21:25,590 --> 00:21:25,600 comet made its closest approach to venus 1101 00:21:25,600 --> 00:21:28,390 comet made its closest approach to venus and we were in the midst of our critical 1102 00:21:28,390 --> 00:21:28,400 and we were in the midst of our critical 1103 00:21:28,400 --> 00:21:30,870 and we were in the midst of our critical imaging sequence to get an image of the 1104 00:21:30,870 --> 00:21:30,880 imaging sequence to get an image of the 1105 00:21:30,880 --> 00:21:32,230 imaging sequence to get an image of the comet's coma 1106 00:21:32,230 --> 00:21:32,240 comet's coma 1107 00:21:32,240 --> 00:21:34,310 comet's coma nature through a number of obstacles in 1108 00:21:34,310 --> 00:21:34,320 nature through a number of obstacles in 1109 00:21:34,320 --> 00:21:35,350 nature through a number of obstacles in our way 1110 00:21:35,350 --> 00:21:35,360 our way 1111 00:21:35,360 --> 00:21:36,549 our way threatening 1112 00:21:36,549 --> 00:21:36,559 threatening 1113 00:21:36,559 --> 00:21:39,190 threatening to disrupt the entire data stream for us 1114 00:21:39,190 --> 00:21:39,200 to disrupt the entire data stream for us 1115 00:21:39,200 --> 00:21:42,710 to disrupt the entire data stream for us first we had a giant solar flare which 1116 00:21:42,710 --> 00:21:42,720 first we had a giant solar flare which 1117 00:21:42,720 --> 00:21:44,470 first we had a giant solar flare which interfered with radio communications 1118 00:21:44,470 --> 00:21:44,480 interfered with radio communications 1119 00:21:44,480 --> 00:21:46,470 interfered with radio communications between the spacecraft and earth that 1120 00:21:46,470 --> 00:21:46,480 between the spacecraft and earth that 1121 00:21:46,480 --> 00:21:48,549 between the spacecraft and earth that was followed then by rain 1122 00:21:48,549 --> 00:21:48,559 was followed then by rain 1123 00:21:48,559 --> 00:21:50,630 was followed then by rain in the mojave desert and snowstorm in 1124 00:21:50,630 --> 00:21:50,640 in the mojave desert and snowstorm in 1125 00:21:50,640 --> 00:21:53,830 in the mojave desert and snowstorm in madrid and both of these also 1126 00:21:53,830 --> 00:21:53,840 madrid and both of these also 1127 00:21:53,840 --> 00:21:56,950 madrid and both of these also attenuated the radio signal causing more 1128 00:21:56,950 --> 00:21:56,960 attenuated the radio signal causing more 1129 00:21:56,960 --> 00:21:58,710 attenuated the radio signal causing more errors in the data 1130 00:21:58,710 --> 00:21:58,720 errors in the data 1131 00:21:58,720 --> 00:22:00,310 errors in the data well in spite of all these problems we 1132 00:22:00,310 --> 00:22:00,320 well in spite of all these problems we 1133 00:22:00,320 --> 00:22:01,909 well in spite of all these problems we were able to get all of the data that we 1134 00:22:01,909 --> 00:22:01,919 were able to get all of the data that we 1135 00:22:01,919 --> 00:22:03,350 were able to get all of the data that we needed the centerpiece of our 1136 00:22:03,350 --> 00:22:03,360 needed the centerpiece of our 1137 00:22:03,360 --> 00:22:05,350 needed the centerpiece of our observations of the of the comet was 1138 00:22:05,350 --> 00:22:05,360 observations of the of the comet was 1139 00:22:05,360 --> 00:22:07,350 observations of the of the comet was this false color image of the hydrogen 1140 00:22:07,350 --> 00:22:07,360 this false color image of the hydrogen 1141 00:22:07,360 --> 00:22:09,669 this false color image of the hydrogen coma the scale is immense it's the image 1142 00:22:09,669 --> 00:22:09,679 coma the scale is immense it's the image 1143 00:22:09,679 --> 00:22:11,830 coma the scale is immense it's the image that you see is 12 million by 8 million 1144 00:22:11,830 --> 00:22:11,840 that you see is 12 million by 8 million 1145 00:22:11,840 --> 00:22:12,789 that you see is 12 million by 8 million miles 1146 00:22:12,789 --> 00:22:12,799 miles 1147 00:22:12,799 --> 00:22:15,270 miles and briefly as during its passage past 1148 00:22:15,270 --> 00:22:15,280 and briefly as during its passage past 1149 00:22:15,280 --> 00:22:17,029 and briefly as during its passage past the sun halley was the largest object in 1150 00:22:17,029 --> 00:22:17,039 the sun halley was the largest object in 1151 00:22:17,039 --> 00:22:19,830 the sun halley was the largest object in the solar system the image uses color to 1152 00:22:19,830 --> 00:22:19,840 the solar system the image uses color to 1153 00:22:19,840 --> 00:22:21,590 the solar system the image uses color to represent brightness the blues and reds 1154 00:22:21,590 --> 00:22:21,600 represent brightness the blues and reds 1155 00:22:21,600 --> 00:22:22,789 represent brightness the blues and reds are the darker 1156 00:22:22,789 --> 00:22:22,799 are the darker 1157 00:22:22,799 --> 00:22:25,270 are the darker levels of light and the yellows and 1158 00:22:25,270 --> 00:22:25,280 levels of light and the yellows and 1159 00:22:25,280 --> 00:22:26,549 levels of light and the yellows and greens are the brightest parts of the 1160 00:22:26,549 --> 00:22:26,559 greens are the brightest parts of the 1161 00:22:26,559 --> 00:22:27,430 greens are the brightest parts of the comet 1162 00:22:27,430 --> 00:22:27,440 comet 1163 00:22:27,440 --> 00:22:29,350 comet well analyzing the image and other data 1164 00:22:29,350 --> 00:22:29,360 well analyzing the image and other data 1165 00:22:29,360 --> 00:22:30,789 well analyzing the image and other data allowed us to 1166 00:22:30,789 --> 00:22:30,799 allowed us to 1167 00:22:30,799 --> 00:22:33,029 allowed us to estimate the rate at which water was 1168 00:22:33,029 --> 00:22:33,039 estimate the rate at which water was 1169 00:22:33,039 --> 00:22:34,950 estimate the rate at which water was subliming away evaporating away from the 1170 00:22:34,950 --> 00:22:34,960 subliming away evaporating away from the 1171 00:22:34,960 --> 00:22:36,950 subliming away evaporating away from the ices of the nucleus our measurements 1172 00:22:36,950 --> 00:22:36,960 ices of the nucleus our measurements 1173 00:22:36,960 --> 00:22:38,630 ices of the nucleus our measurements turned out to be in reasonable accord 1174 00:22:38,630 --> 00:22:38,640 turned out to be in reasonable accord 1175 00:22:38,640 --> 00:22:40,710 turned out to be in reasonable accord with european and soviet measurements 1176 00:22:40,710 --> 00:22:40,720 with european and soviet measurements 1177 00:22:40,720 --> 00:22:42,230 with european and soviet measurements and they indicate that the comet is 1178 00:22:42,230 --> 00:22:42,240 and they indicate that the comet is 1179 00:22:42,240 --> 00:22:43,669 and they indicate that the comet is losing one or two hundredths of a 1180 00:22:43,669 --> 00:22:43,679 losing one or two hundredths of a 1181 00:22:43,679 --> 00:22:45,990 losing one or two hundredths of a percent of its total mass each time it 1182 00:22:45,990 --> 00:22:46,000 percent of its total mass each time it 1183 00:22:46,000 --> 00:22:47,430 percent of its total mass each time it passes the sun 1184 00:22:47,430 --> 00:22:47,440 passes the sun 1185 00:22:47,440 --> 00:22:49,750 passes the sun before this last visit many scientists 1186 00:22:49,750 --> 00:22:49,760 before this last visit many scientists 1187 00:22:49,760 --> 00:22:51,590 before this last visit many scientists had assumed hallie's was a relatively 1188 00:22:51,590 --> 00:22:51,600 had assumed hallie's was a relatively 1189 00:22:51,600 --> 00:22:54,149 had assumed hallie's was a relatively fresh comet so the extent of the erosion 1190 00:22:54,149 --> 00:22:54,159 fresh comet so the extent of the erosion 1191 00:22:54,159 --> 00:22:55,990 fresh comet so the extent of the erosion and the amount of dark crust on the 1192 00:22:55,990 --> 00:22:56,000 and the amount of dark crust on the 1193 00:22:56,000 --> 00:22:59,830 and the amount of dark crust on the nucleus came as a surprise 1194 00:22:59,830 --> 00:22:59,840 nucleus came as a surprise 1195 00:22:59,840 --> 00:23:02,470 nucleus came as a surprise pioneer venus observations showed large 1196 00:23:02,470 --> 00:23:02,480 pioneer venus observations showed large 1197 00:23:02,480 --> 00:23:05,830 pioneer venus observations showed large daily variations as much as 25 percent 1198 00:23:05,830 --> 00:23:05,840 daily variations as much as 25 percent 1199 00:23:05,840 --> 00:23:07,750 daily variations as much as 25 percent in the rate at which water was boiling 1200 00:23:07,750 --> 00:23:07,760 in the rate at which water was boiling 1201 00:23:07,760 --> 00:23:09,270 in the rate at which water was boiling off the comet 1202 00:23:09,270 --> 00:23:09,280 off the comet 1203 00:23:09,280 --> 00:23:11,669 off the comet the best explanation for this is that 1204 00:23:11,669 --> 00:23:11,679 the best explanation for this is that 1205 00:23:11,679 --> 00:23:14,070 the best explanation for this is that only portions of the comet's surface had 1206 00:23:14,070 --> 00:23:14,080 only portions of the comet's surface had 1207 00:23:14,080 --> 00:23:16,630 only portions of the comet's surface had freshly exposed ice that could act as 1208 00:23:16,630 --> 00:23:16,640 freshly exposed ice that could act as 1209 00:23:16,640 --> 00:23:18,710 freshly exposed ice that could act as sources of water vapor 1210 00:23:18,710 --> 00:23:18,720 sources of water vapor 1211 00:23:18,720 --> 00:23:21,029 sources of water vapor the evaporation rate varied depending on 1212 00:23:21,029 --> 00:23:21,039 the evaporation rate varied depending on 1213 00:23:21,039 --> 00:23:23,190 the evaporation rate varied depending on how much of this fresh material was 1214 00:23:23,190 --> 00:23:23,200 how much of this fresh material was 1215 00:23:23,200 --> 00:23:25,350 how much of this fresh material was exposed to sunlight as the nucleus 1216 00:23:25,350 --> 00:23:25,360 exposed to sunlight as the nucleus 1217 00:23:25,360 --> 00:23:27,190 exposed to sunlight as the nucleus rotated 1218 00:23:27,190 --> 00:23:27,200 rotated 1219 00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:29,430 rotated the orbiter's observations fit nicely 1220 00:23:29,430 --> 00:23:29,440 the orbiter's observations fit nicely 1221 00:23:29,440 --> 00:23:31,350 the orbiter's observations fit nicely with those of the european spacecraft 1222 00:23:31,350 --> 00:23:31,360 with those of the european spacecraft 1223 00:23:31,360 --> 00:23:34,149 with those of the european spacecraft jato which passed about 300 miles from 1224 00:23:34,149 --> 00:23:34,159 jato which passed about 300 miles from 1225 00:23:34,159 --> 00:23:35,430 jato which passed about 300 miles from the nucleus 1226 00:23:35,430 --> 00:23:35,440 the nucleus 1227 00:23:35,440 --> 00:23:38,149 the nucleus its cameras revealed a cold black object 1228 00:23:38,149 --> 00:23:38,159 its cameras revealed a cold black object 1229 00:23:38,159 --> 00:23:40,870 its cameras revealed a cold black object three to four times larger than the size 1230 00:23:40,870 --> 00:23:40,880 three to four times larger than the size 1231 00:23:40,880 --> 00:23:43,029 three to four times larger than the size estimated for a fresh comet 1232 00:23:43,029 --> 00:23:43,039 estimated for a fresh comet 1233 00:23:43,039 --> 00:23:44,950 estimated for a fresh comet the nucleus also appeared highly 1234 00:23:44,950 --> 00:23:44,960 the nucleus also appeared highly 1235 00:23:44,960 --> 00:23:47,510 the nucleus also appeared highly irregular almost potato shaped 1236 00:23:47,510 --> 00:23:47,520 irregular almost potato shaped 1237 00:23:47,520 --> 00:23:49,909 irregular almost potato shaped suggesting it was once much larger and 1238 00:23:49,909 --> 00:23:49,919 suggesting it was once much larger and 1239 00:23:49,919 --> 00:23:52,870 suggesting it was once much larger and has eroded away over a long time 1240 00:23:52,870 --> 00:23:52,880 has eroded away over a long time 1241 00:23:52,880 --> 00:23:55,750 has eroded away over a long time pictures from jotto also showed gas jets 1242 00:23:55,750 --> 00:23:55,760 pictures from jotto also showed gas jets 1243 00:23:55,760 --> 00:23:58,070 pictures from jotto also showed gas jets spewing from the nucleus and the orbiter 1244 00:23:58,070 --> 00:23:58,080 spewing from the nucleus and the orbiter 1245 00:23:58,080 --> 00:24:00,549 spewing from the nucleus and the orbiter measured their velocities as high as one 1246 00:24:00,549 --> 00:24:00,559 measured their velocities as high as one 1247 00:24:00,559 --> 00:24:04,310 measured their velocities as high as one thousand one hundred miles an hour 1248 00:24:04,310 --> 00:24:04,320 thousand one hundred miles an hour 1249 00:24:04,320 --> 00:24:07,029 thousand one hundred miles an hour while the gas escapes most of the dust 1250 00:24:07,029 --> 00:24:07,039 while the gas escapes most of the dust 1251 00:24:07,039 --> 00:24:09,510 while the gas escapes most of the dust that boils off the nucleus remains in 1252 00:24:09,510 --> 00:24:09,520 that boils off the nucleus remains in 1253 00:24:09,520 --> 00:24:12,390 that boils off the nucleus remains in the comet's feeble gravitational grip as 1254 00:24:12,390 --> 00:24:12,400 the comet's feeble gravitational grip as 1255 00:24:12,400 --> 00:24:14,549 the comet's feeble gravitational grip as the comet moves back out away from the 1256 00:24:14,549 --> 00:24:14,559 the comet moves back out away from the 1257 00:24:14,559 --> 00:24:17,430 the comet moves back out away from the sun the dust rains back onto the comet's 1258 00:24:17,430 --> 00:24:17,440 sun the dust rains back onto the comet's 1259 00:24:17,440 --> 00:24:24,549 sun the dust rains back onto the comet's surface 1260 00:24:24,549 --> 00:24:24,559 1261 00:24:24,559 --> 00:24:26,630 scientists have begun to realize that 1262 00:24:26,630 --> 00:24:26,640 scientists have begun to realize that 1263 00:24:26,640 --> 00:24:29,350 scientists have begun to realize that this dust plays a central role in the 1264 00:24:29,350 --> 00:24:29,360 this dust plays a central role in the 1265 00:24:29,360 --> 00:24:31,510 this dust plays a central role in the life cycle of a comet well when the 1266 00:24:31,510 --> 00:24:31,520 life cycle of a comet well when the 1267 00:24:31,520 --> 00:24:33,750 life cycle of a comet well when the layer of dust becomes about three inches 1268 00:24:33,750 --> 00:24:33,760 layer of dust becomes about three inches 1269 00:24:33,760 --> 00:24:34,549 layer of dust becomes about three inches thick 1270 00:24:34,549 --> 00:24:34,559 thick 1271 00:24:34,559 --> 00:24:37,430 thick it'll act as an insulating blanket and 1272 00:24:37,430 --> 00:24:37,440 it'll act as an insulating blanket and 1273 00:24:37,440 --> 00:24:38,789 it'll act as an insulating blanket and insulate the ice from the heat of the 1274 00:24:38,789 --> 00:24:38,799 insulate the ice from the heat of the 1275 00:24:38,799 --> 00:24:41,029 insulate the ice from the heat of the sun and once that happens the ice no 1276 00:24:41,029 --> 00:24:41,039 sun and once that happens the ice no 1277 00:24:41,039 --> 00:24:43,430 sun and once that happens the ice no longer evaporates so the comet loses all 1278 00:24:43,430 --> 00:24:43,440 longer evaporates so the comet loses all 1279 00:24:43,440 --> 00:24:46,310 longer evaporates so the comet loses all its cometary features like tails and 1280 00:24:46,310 --> 00:24:46,320 its cometary features like tails and 1281 00:24:46,320 --> 00:24:48,549 its cometary features like tails and dust tails and iron tails 1282 00:24:48,549 --> 00:24:48,559 dust tails and iron tails 1283 00:24:48,559 --> 00:24:50,710 dust tails and iron tails and then it looks a lot like an asteroid 1284 00:24:50,710 --> 00:24:50,720 and then it looks a lot like an asteroid 1285 00:24:50,720 --> 00:24:52,789 and then it looks a lot like an asteroid scientists estimate that comets make 1286 00:24:52,789 --> 00:24:52,799 scientists estimate that comets make 1287 00:24:52,799 --> 00:24:55,110 scientists estimate that comets make only a thousand or so passes around the 1288 00:24:55,110 --> 00:24:55,120 only a thousand or so passes around the 1289 00:24:55,120 --> 00:24:57,590 only a thousand or so passes around the sun before they're reduced to inactive 1290 00:24:57,590 --> 00:24:57,600 sun before they're reduced to inactive 1291 00:24:57,600 --> 00:25:00,789 sun before they're reduced to inactive objects like asteroids 1292 00:25:00,789 --> 00:25:00,799 objects like asteroids 1293 00:25:00,799 --> 00:25:03,350 objects like asteroids with even a partial dust crust a comet 1294 00:25:03,350 --> 00:25:03,360 with even a partial dust crust a comet 1295 00:25:03,360 --> 00:25:06,789 with even a partial dust crust a comet is slower to warm up and develop a tail 1296 00:25:06,789 --> 00:25:06,799 is slower to warm up and develop a tail 1297 00:25:06,799 --> 00:25:09,029 is slower to warm up and develop a tail once heated however the dust blanket 1298 00:25:09,029 --> 00:25:09,039 once heated however the dust blanket 1299 00:25:09,039 --> 00:25:11,430 once heated however the dust blanket retains the warmth and the comet keeps 1300 00:25:11,430 --> 00:25:11,440 retains the warmth and the comet keeps 1301 00:25:11,440 --> 00:25:14,710 retains the warmth and the comet keeps its tail longer 1302 00:25:14,710 --> 00:25:14,720 its tail longer 1303 00:25:14,720 --> 00:25:16,630 its tail longer that's why halley's was brighter in 1304 00:25:16,630 --> 00:25:16,640 that's why halley's was brighter in 1305 00:25:16,640 --> 00:25:21,269 that's why halley's was brighter in april when it was leaving the sun 1306 00:25:21,269 --> 00:25:21,279 1307 00:25:21,279 --> 00:25:24,630 then in december when it was approaching 1308 00:25:24,630 --> 00:25:24,640 then in december when it was approaching 1309 00:25:24,640 --> 00:25:26,789 then in december when it was approaching the orbiter's observations showed that 1310 00:25:26,789 --> 00:25:26,799 the orbiter's observations showed that 1311 00:25:26,799 --> 00:25:28,950 the orbiter's observations showed that the nucleus remains surprisingly 1312 00:25:28,950 --> 00:25:28,960 the nucleus remains surprisingly 1313 00:25:28,960 --> 00:25:31,510 the nucleus remains surprisingly inactive until a few weeks before the 1314 00:25:31,510 --> 00:25:31,520 inactive until a few weeks before the 1315 00:25:31,520 --> 00:25:34,230 inactive until a few weeks before the comet's closest approach to the sun 1316 00:25:34,230 --> 00:25:34,240 comet's closest approach to the sun 1317 00:25:34,240 --> 00:25:36,630 comet's closest approach to the sun but it stayed 30 percent more active on 1318 00:25:36,630 --> 00:25:36,640 but it stayed 30 percent more active on 1319 00:25:36,640 --> 00:25:38,870 but it stayed 30 percent more active on the outbound leg of its journey 1320 00:25:38,870 --> 00:25:38,880 the outbound leg of its journey 1321 00:25:38,880 --> 00:25:40,710 the outbound leg of its journey it is surprising that the activity turns 1322 00:25:40,710 --> 00:25:40,720 it is surprising that the activity turns 1323 00:25:40,720 --> 00:25:42,630 it is surprising that the activity turns on so suddenly the comet gets to within 1324 00:25:42,630 --> 00:25:42,640 on so suddenly the comet gets to within 1325 00:25:42,640 --> 00:25:44,070 on so suddenly the comet gets to within a certain distance of the sun then it 1326 00:25:44,070 --> 00:25:44,080 a certain distance of the sun then it 1327 00:25:44,080 --> 00:25:45,990 a certain distance of the sun then it starts to pop like popcorn 1328 00:25:45,990 --> 00:25:46,000 starts to pop like popcorn 1329 00:25:46,000 --> 00:25:47,990 starts to pop like popcorn the pioneer venus orbiter made a number 1330 00:25:47,990 --> 00:25:48,000 the pioneer venus orbiter made a number 1331 00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:50,149 the pioneer venus orbiter made a number of other important observations 1332 00:25:50,149 --> 00:25:50,159 of other important observations 1333 00:25:50,159 --> 00:25:51,750 of other important observations for instance it measured the 1334 00:25:51,750 --> 00:25:51,760 for instance it measured the 1335 00:25:51,760 --> 00:25:55,110 for instance it measured the concentrations of hydrogen oxygen carbon 1336 00:25:55,110 --> 00:25:55,120 concentrations of hydrogen oxygen carbon 1337 00:25:55,120 --> 00:25:57,830 concentrations of hydrogen oxygen carbon and hydroxyl ions given off by halley's 1338 00:25:57,830 --> 00:25:57,840 and hydroxyl ions given off by halley's 1339 00:25:57,840 --> 00:25:59,190 and hydroxyl ions given off by halley's nucleus 1340 00:25:59,190 --> 00:25:59,200 nucleus 1341 00:25:59,200 --> 00:26:01,110 nucleus combined with the observations made by 1342 00:26:01,110 --> 00:26:01,120 combined with the observations made by 1343 00:26:01,120 --> 00:26:03,750 combined with the observations made by other spacecraft this information is 1344 00:26:03,750 --> 00:26:03,760 other spacecraft this information is 1345 00:26:03,760 --> 00:26:05,909 other spacecraft this information is helping scientists calculate the comet's 1346 00:26:05,909 --> 00:26:05,919 helping scientists calculate the comet's 1347 00:26:05,919 --> 00:26:07,830 helping scientists calculate the comet's composition 1348 00:26:07,830 --> 00:26:07,840 composition 1349 00:26:07,840 --> 00:26:09,669 composition while it has given scientists a much 1350 00:26:09,669 --> 00:26:09,679 while it has given scientists a much 1351 00:26:09,679 --> 00:26:12,070 while it has given scientists a much better picture of what halley's is like 1352 00:26:12,070 --> 00:26:12,080 better picture of what halley's is like 1353 00:26:12,080 --> 00:26:14,789 better picture of what halley's is like the new data is also raising questions 1354 00:26:14,789 --> 00:26:14,799 the new data is also raising questions 1355 00:26:14,799 --> 00:26:16,630 the new data is also raising questions that can only be answered by future 1356 00:26:16,630 --> 00:26:16,640 that can only be answered by future 1357 00:26:16,640 --> 00:26:18,070 that can only be answered by future comet missions 1358 00:26:18,070 --> 00:26:18,080 comet missions 1359 00:26:18,080 --> 00:26:20,950 comet missions one such mission is craft but comet 1360 00:26:20,950 --> 00:26:20,960 one such mission is craft but comet 1361 00:26:20,960 --> 00:26:23,510 one such mission is craft but comet rendezvous and asteroid flyby it 1362 00:26:23,510 --> 00:26:23,520 rendezvous and asteroid flyby it 1363 00:26:23,520 --> 00:26:25,510 rendezvous and asteroid flyby it involves shooting a probe into the heart 1364 00:26:25,510 --> 00:26:25,520 involves shooting a probe into the heart 1365 00:26:25,520 --> 00:26:27,990 involves shooting a probe into the heart of a comet nucleus to get the first 1366 00:26:27,990 --> 00:26:28,000 of a comet nucleus to get the first 1367 00:26:28,000 --> 00:26:30,230 of a comet nucleus to get the first direct measurements of what it is made 1368 00:26:30,230 --> 00:26:30,240 direct measurements of what it is made 1369 00:26:30,240 --> 00:26:31,909 direct measurements of what it is made of 1370 00:26:31,909 --> 00:26:31,919 of 1371 00:26:31,919 --> 00:26:33,669 of scientists will study the new 1372 00:26:33,669 --> 00:26:33,679 scientists will study the new 1373 00:26:33,679 --> 00:26:36,630 scientists will study the new information on halley's for decades 1374 00:26:36,630 --> 00:26:36,640 information on halley's for decades 1375 00:26:36,640 --> 00:26:39,029 information on halley's for decades as a result our knowledge about the 1376 00:26:39,029 --> 00:26:39,039 as a result our knowledge about the 1377 00:26:39,039 --> 00:26:41,510 as a result our knowledge about the origin of the solar system about its 1378 00:26:41,510 --> 00:26:41,520 origin of the solar system about its 1379 00:26:41,520 --> 00:26:43,909 origin of the solar system about its primordial mountain-sized building 1380 00:26:43,909 --> 00:26:43,919 primordial mountain-sized building 1381 00:26:43,919 --> 00:26:46,390 primordial mountain-sized building blocks and how they join together to 1382 00:26:46,390 --> 00:26:46,400 blocks and how they join together to 1383 00:26:46,400 --> 00:26:48,630 blocks and how they join together to form the earth and other planets will 1384 00:26:48,630 --> 00:26:48,640 form the earth and other planets will 1385 00:26:48,640 --> 00:26:50,870 form the earth and other planets will continue to grow 1386 00:26:50,870 --> 00:26:50,880 continue to grow 1387 00:26:50,880 --> 00:26:52,470 continue to grow in this fashion 1388 00:26:52,470 --> 00:26:52,480 in this fashion 1389 00:26:52,480 --> 00:26:54,789 in this fashion humanity will gain the understanding of 1390 00:26:54,789 --> 00:26:54,799 humanity will gain the understanding of 1391 00:26:54,799 --> 00:26:57,110 humanity will gain the understanding of its ultimate environment 1392 00:26:57,110 --> 00:26:57,120 its ultimate environment 1393 00:26:57,120 --> 00:27:00,950 its ultimate environment the cosmos 1394 00:27:00,950 --> 00:27:00,960 1395 00:27:00,960 --> 00:27:02,630 that's all we have for this edition of 1396 00:27:02,630 --> 00:27:02,640 that's all we have for this edition of 1397 00:27:02,640 --> 00:27:05,669 that's all we have for this edition of nasa images but before we go let me 1398 00:27:05,669 --> 00:27:05,679 nasa images but before we go let me 1399 00:27:05,679 --> 00:27:07,990 nasa images but before we go let me remind you that you're cordially invited 1400 00:27:07,990 --> 00:27:08,000 remind you that you're cordially invited 1401 00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:10,230 remind you that you're cordially invited to see the displays at the visitor 1402 00:27:10,230 --> 00:27:10,240 to see the displays at the visitor 1403 00:27:10,240 --> 00:27:12,230 to see the displays at the visitor center here at the nasa lewis research 1404 00:27:12,230 --> 00:27:12,240 center here at the nasa lewis research 1405 00:27:12,240 --> 00:27:13,110 center here at the nasa lewis research center 1406 00:27:13,110 --> 00:27:13,120 center 1407 00:27:13,120 --> 00:27:14,710 center we're located near the hopkins 1408 00:27:14,710 --> 00:27:14,720 we're located near the hopkins 1409 00:27:14,720 --> 00:27:16,870 we're located near the hopkins international airport in cleveland 1410 00:27:16,870 --> 00:27:16,880 international airport in cleveland 1411 00:27:16,880 --> 00:27:18,710 international airport in cleveland admission is free 1412 00:27:18,710 --> 00:27:18,720 admission is free 1413 00:27:18,720 --> 00:27:21,190 admission is free until next time this is lynn bondurant 1414 00:27:21,190 --> 00:27:21,200 until next time this is lynn bondurant 1415 00:27:21,200 --> 00:28:32,070 until next time this is lynn bondurant saying goodbye 1416 00:28:32,070 --> 00:28:32,080 1417 00:28:32,080 --> 00:28:34,159 you